PSYCHOLOGY
Institute of Psychology, Georgian Academy of Sciences
CONTENTS:
Identity
Development in Majority, Minority and Mixed Families Children in
Georgia
Giorgi Kipiani, Thea Kacharava and Nino Japharidze
Institute of Psychology, 22 Iashvili Street,
380007, Tbilisi, Georgia
Tel: 995 32 225561
Abstract submitted to Xth European Conference on
Developmental Psychology
This paper presents the findings from work in progress on the development of minority and majority children identities in "newly independent state" - Georgia (former Soviet Republic). Relative subjective importance of ethnic, citizen of Georgia, religious, local (city), age and sex identities and level of ethnic identification were studied among three different groups: Georgian children studying in Georgian schools and Georgian (mostly from mixed families) and Armenian (minority) children studying in Russian schools. It is shown, that trajectory of children identity development is very different in schools with Russian language of education from that of children studying in Georgian schools . In elementary school for all three groups identity of believer is most important. In upper classes local (city), sex, and age identities gain more importance in of multinational Russian schools while religious and ethnic identities become more salient in adolescents of Georgian schools.
Leadership
Culture and Implications for Organizational Development in
Georgia
Giorgi Kipiani, Head, Department of Social Psychology,
Institute of Psychology
e-mail: gkipiani@yahoo.com, kipiani@psycho.acnet.ge
Abstract accepted to publication at The Tenth
Congress of European Association of Work and Organizational
Psychology
This presentation describes a study of management culture and leadership in Georgia, conducted as a part of the GLOBE project. Data were collected from 250 middle managers in telecommunications and financial industries. The dimensions of effective leadership show the unique way in which attributes of effective leadership relate to the complex set of societal cultural dimensions in Georgia. Implications of the findings for manager training and selection in Georgia and generally in Post-communist societies are discussed. As majority of Georgian CEO-s are from former Communist party/komsomol nomenclature and have no specialized knowledge, which is highly valued by middle managers in Georgia. So this may become an obstacle for organizational development not only in Georgia, but also in all newly "democratized" societies, which have the same uncertainty avoiding culture as in Georgia and preference for expert knowledge.
Ongoing research in the Department of Social Psychology:
Giorgi Kipiani - CURRICULUM VITAE
Education : Tbilisi State University
Psychologist, graduated with honors 1981
Institute of Psychology- Georgian Academy of Sciences
Postgraduate study 1981-1984, Candidate of Social Psychology 1985
Experience:
1999- Research Coordinator in the project "Development of National Identity in Children living in the NIS" (INTAS)
1997- up today - conducted research and workshops on the group facilitation training as a Head of Department of Social Psychology, Institute of Psychology
2000 - Teaching social psychological training at the Institute of Psychology
1999 - Organizer and presenter Training of human rights teachers in effective leadership (UN Volunteers)
1998 - Organizer and presenter Training of IDP teachers in conflict resolution (UN Volunteers)
1997 - Research on cross-cultural psychology (Program GLOBE), Wharton School of Management (USA)
1988- 1997 - Conducted research on methods of humanizing education and workshops on the teacher effectiveness training as a Head of Laboratory of Educational Psychology, Institute of Psychology
1997 - Special School Teacher Training program (UNICEF-Nuova Frontiera)
1996 - Research on cross-cultural psychology at Cranfield School of Management (UK)
1993 - Teaching psychology at Republican Teacher Training Institute
1993-1994 - Lecturing in social psychology at Tbilisi State Institute of Commerce
1990-1996 - Group facilitation training seminars at Georgian Association for Humanistic . Psychology and Pedagogic
1984-1988 - Scientific Researcher, Department of Educational Psychology, Institute of Psychology
HONORS:
1997 - Chevening (British Foreign and Commonwealth Office) Scholarship at Cranfield School of Management (UK)
1996 - IREX (US) RSEP Fellowship at Wharton School of Management (USA)
SKILLS: Experienced with the following computer applications: Word, Excel.
LANGUAGES: Fluent in Georgian, English and Russian
Address:
43 Barnow Street, Tbilisi, Georgia 380009
Telephone 225561
e-mail: gkipiani@yahoo.com
Peculiarities of set and
characterological status of highly qualified sportsmen
G.Dvali, A.Grigolava,
M.Kolbaia, L.Ugulava, E.Khorbaladze
Institute of
Psychology, 22 Iashvili Street, 380007, Tbilisi, Georgia
One of the acute problem of the contemporary sport is psychological optimum investigation and training of high qualified sportsmen. It is natural, that the solution of the above mentioned problem is based on the scientific investigation. Our investigation has been carried out among high qualified sportsmen such as acrobats, wrestlers and footballers. 73 sportsmen have been tested. The aim of the scientific work was to define: 1. How do the sportsmen effectively realize their abilities, types of their set attitudes during the competition. 2. Investigation of connection between indices of fixed set and level of stress tolerance. 3. Identification of set structure and typical peculiarities in sportsmen of different athletic qualification. 4. Investigation of connections between set types and social attitudes in sportsmen of high and medium qualification. 5. Identification of importance of "Negative" and "positive" dispositional personal features for optimum self regulation, the latter designates high sporting results.
Based on analysis of empiric materials, we have singled out "positive" basic characterological features, which promote maximum realisation of athletic abilities during the competition. These features are: confidence in their abilities, Emotional stability, desire to achieve success, ability mobilize psychological aptitude, consistency during goal achievement process, aggressiveness, courage, feeling of responsibility, energy, orientation on success an so on. Has been exposed such personal features, that impede sportsman from self realisation during the completion in extreme conditions. The provision has been identified, according which successful performance in the athletic competition greatly depends on typological peculiarities of sportsmen’s setting. Harmonious character and easy adaptation capabilities greatly designates inclination dynamics and plasticity, ensuring maximum athletic capabilities during the competition. It has been identified by our investigation, That dynamic type of set conforms with person’s extrovert while static type of set conforms with person’s introvert direction.
From the scientific work we find out, that emotional stress, anxiety and high level of neuroticism is characteristic to disharmonic, conflict personalities, inheriting static set. Anxiety and high level of neuroticism is not characteristic to a sportsmen of a dynamic set, inheriting harmonic features. Envisaging the fact, that type of set inheriting harmonic features. Envisaging the fact, that type of set represents person’s high constant index, we can conclude, on it.
Data of empiric investigation show, that high level of stress tolerance is designated by dynamic set the latter provides human beings easy adaptation capability to the surroundings.
Investigation of set structural peculiarities in sportsmen inheriting different athletic qualification showed, that high qualified sportsmen’s set structure rather differs from lower qualified sportsmen’s fixed set peculiarities. It has been identified, that anxiety, hardness, stability and dynamics are characteristic feature of highly qualified sportsmen. Such complex of set peculiarities facilitate adaptation process with the constantly changeable surrounding conditions, ensures flexibility, plasticity and energy in goal achievement process and so on. Static character and variability of set structure in sportsmen of lower qualification designates action rigidness and liability of motivated – temporary insanity sphere, consequent upon will be lowered effectiveness of athletic activity, due to the fact that statical character of setting and variability is the basis of low level of organization, reduced consistency, anxiety, conflict situation, hard emotional sufferings and other negative facts characteristic to athletic activity.
It has been shown by the investigation, that social in high and medium qualified sportsmen differs from each other Particularly, it has been identified, that high level athletic achievement sportsmen are characterised with positive attitude towards success attaining process, competition, their own personal "Staff" training process and the trainer, while lower level athletic qualification sportsmen’s positive attitudes directed towards the God, parents and friends. It has been identified, that social attitudes with respect to investigated sportsmen of dynamic character are rather positive, than those of sportsmen of statical character. From the above mentioned, we have concluded, that dynamic character of set reveals such personal features as high level of sociability. The latter ensures such necessary characteristic features of success attainment process as high level of adaptability to the changeable situations, confidence in own personality, easiness in receiving the decision, optimism purposefulness, emotional stability, consistency, ability of concentration and mobilization, aggressiveness, high level of stress tolerance, feeling of responsibility and courage.
Problem of Self Actualization in
Georgians
Amiran Grigolava, Bela
Arutinova, Nino Goguadze
Institute of
Psychology, 22 Iashvili Street, 380007, Tbilisi, Georgia
According to Maslow self-actualization theory, human being
represents organized wholeness of self-actualization and
effective functioning, striving for development and improvement.
Self-actualization is a specific feature, which represents the
embodiment of person’s psychological health criteria and
insures society synergy, or development promotion level.
Self-actualization has been commonly considered as strife for
self-actualization, actual potentiality and self-actualization
Shostrem’s personal orientation questionnare has been worked
out on the basic principles of Maslow theory.
Following main tasks have been carried by us:
The investigation has been carried out on 1012 people, aged from 16 to 75, accordingly all investigated population has been divided by 7 age groups with 10 year range.
12 scales has been presented in Shostrem’s method, containing 100 questions: General self actualization, orientation in time (I), values (II), considerations on human nature (III), desire for knowledge (IV), creativeness (V), autonomy (VI), spontaneity (VII), self understanding (VIII) autosympathy (IX), contacts (X), flexibility in relationship (XI).
On the first stage of the investigation, each question of this method has been brought in conformity with scale content. Received Empirical data has been worked out by statistic program SPSS. Correlation analysis of the results revealed existing relationship and inner connection between singled out indices, this fact shows the capability of this method to measure each parameters of the whole given construct. Has been defined standard indices of self actualization Parameter Scale;
Elaborated data ensuring age factors has shown reliable difference on some scales. Particularly, it has been identified, that women are characterized by high orientation on values, while investigation of men has revealed orientation on time, desire to acquire knowledge. Self understanding and flexibility in relationships.
It can be said, that women rather than the men are characterized by "here" and "now" existential value deficit, social stereotypes are important for them and behavior according generally accepted social norms. The leading role has not been accorded to "self" prosperity in their essence of life. It has been admitted, that all these factors lead to their frustration, inner conflicts and pessimistic attitude towards the future. In this respect, it should be notable, that social surroundings and activity of women has been limited, they rather have been focused on family, accordingly their self actualization and ability to receive pleasure from life has been limited. At the same time, Generally, men and women has been evenly inherited low index of spontaneity. This datum implies the fact, that here freedom has been limited by social-cultural norms.
Analysis of the obtained data, ensuring age criteria has been shown, that leading place has been accorded to Need of Cognition demand in all marked out age groups. It should be also said, that aforesaid need in the course of growing has been decreased towards the middle ages and then it increases. The importance of value scale has been well disposed almost in all age groups. The same tendency has been fixed in relation to value scale – lessening towards the middle ages and then increasing. One regularity has been identified particularly, it has been discovered, that creativity has been represented as leading trait only in persons ages 15 to 35.
The index of creativity has been decreasing in senior age groups. Has been fixed another, very interesting result. It has been identified, that positive attitude towards the human being with age has been increasing though generally it is rather low.
Obtained data, imply the fact the age 16 to 35 has been considered to be period when social attitudes and value system develops determining personal growth.
It has been considered, that in Senior ages, already developed attitude and value system protection and sustaining tendency takes place, proceeded from this fact creativity has been decreased.
It has been marked out 7 levels of self actualization indices based on general self actualization scale.
Ranking of self actualization parameters ensuring their numeral expression, has been shown that in tasted subjects scales of cognition need (IV), value orientations (II) and self understanding has been marked out by high indices. It has been fixed that scales of spontaneity (VII) evaluation attitude towards the people (III) and flexibility in relations (VI) has been marked out by low indices in subjects.
It should be noted, that group scores has been placed in the middle autonomy scale has been considered to the main indices of person’s psychological health, openness and integrity. Provided from the parameter results, it should be said, that our subjects don’t belong to the group people accustomed to social surroundings and our "self".
Aforesaid data indicate the fact, that egocentric indices prevail upon sociability indices in given population High scores of cognition need values and self understanding imply the demand of personal growing, that stay unimplemented due to the low level of spontaneity, mistrust, to socium, generally relative attitude towards the people and rigidness in relationships. In this regard, it could be said that in Georgian’s personal status between two leading active forces of selfactualization such as "desire"and "feeling of obligation" certain disbalances have been noticed. Existing disbalance hampers creation of person’s main set system, considering as sense of selfactualization and more precisely essence of life.
Problem of group psychotherapy
effective measurement and endurance in time
N. Japaridze. A. Grigolava.
I. Gvarmiani
Institute of Psychology, 22 Iashvili Street,
380007, Tbilisi, Georgia
Nowadays in medical psychology main problem is to fix effects, obtained from the psycotherapical work and to identify the effect endurance in time. Due to this problem, the immediate aim of our investigation ensuring time parameters has been represented to measure psychodrama influence the measurement of effectiveness of psycotherapeutic method. Our task has been defined to designate criterias of effectiveness and learn effects of psychodrama. Following investigation parameters has been marked out by us: Anxiety level, forms of revealing aggression, attitude of group members to each other and towards themselves, value orientation, sociometric indices. Aforesaid parameters has been investigated by expedient methods. Has been investigated group, consisting 11 persons work with groups has been carried out independently from each other during 5 days (5 hours a day). Diagnostic investigation has been carried out twice prior to the group work inception and immediately consequent upon the termination. Retesting has been carries out only on 1 group after 6 months.
The investigation carried out by the sociometric method has been revealed the fact, that in I group where the stress has been made on group effects by the leader cohesivity index has been rather high. Group members accorded important position to the group leaders together with facilitator. In I group of person rejection has been reduced. In II group, where the work has been stressed on individual effects, the same results has not been identified.
Reinvestigation has been exposed, the fact that evident leader and obviously rejected person has not been revealed. The level of rejection has been reduced from 70% to 20%. Aforesaid result has been identified, that acceptance by the group has been increased and rejected members became able to reveal themselves.
Anxiety investigation has been identified the fact, that in I group due to the carried out therapeuitic work the situational anxiety index has not been changed. Has been decreased both personal and situational anxiety indices. In both cases the datum has approached the low level anxiety normative index.
Reinvestigation has been disposed the fact, that the index of situational anxiety has been decreased to 55% and approached low level. Personal anxiety index has been increased in case of 55%. We admit, that taken responsibility and thrive for independence indicate increase in personal anxiety level. Our admittance has been approved by results of test.
Interpersonal relation investigation has been disposed the fact, that in both I and II groups indices of violence, dominant and straightforward aggressive action has been decreased. This indicates that group working has changed rude interpersonal style by rather accepted ferm or members of both groups has became sociable. This fact has been demonstrated by the advencement of collaborative relationships style in I group and advancement of generosity in II group.
Retesting has been identified that in I group significantly has been increased indices generously power independence and dominant. Has been decreased straightforward aggressive activity and collaborative relationships. Proceed from the aforesaid results, we can conclude that due upon the group working, g working, group members better managed to perceive both themselves and other members and has chosen non-conformant active and as the same time adaptable style of activity.
Aggression investigation has been revealed, that in I group indirect aggression, irritability, negativism, resentment, jealousy has been decreased and verbal aggression and sense of quilt has been increased. Aforesaid results has been despised, that group members has managed in socially admitted forms to express their attitudes towards each other spontaneously, reducing aggressive attitude towards the other people and respectively, lowering conflict arising possibilities.
In II group indicator on every scale has been reduced, proceeded from this fact, we can say, that group work has increased relaxation of accumulated aggression in protagonists, decrease of negative aggression towards the surroundings.
Retesting has shown, that in I group data on light scales has been significantly reduced. Physical, indirect aggression irritability negativism and jealousy scale indices with their importance conform with lower data. Scale indices of verbal aggression and resentment don't exceed medium scores on the sense of scale has been fixed high level scores.
In fact, auto aggression facilitates inner desadaptation, due to our supposition, sense of guilt, when it is not presented as obsessed and is only situationally conditioned phenomena, is accompanied by such events as reviewing of own purposes and obligations, setting more demands to own personality, implying personal growth.
Investigation of value orientations has been desposed, that health love, devoted friends have been nominated as leading terminal values in both groups prior to the psychotherapic workshop. Health and love have need nominated on the first two places consequent upon the work termination in group I, while adive life has been nominated instead of friends, advancing on the foreground sociability growth and values focused on own prosperity. Love and self confidence kept leading position, often the workshop group II. Reinvestigation has been desposed, that love, health, friendship and pleasure has sustained leading position
Based on obtained results, we can conclude, that by applying psychodrama method it is possible to designate person’s own demands and value orientations. Objectivation of actual demands, values, personal features, own capabilities and social estimations in relation to dynamic changeable situation ensures formation of situation sets their revision, creating dynamic system of sets, inheriting high personal weight. Apart aforesaid, we can say, that effect obtained from group working, multulaterally worked out set system becomes admittable for person and due to this fact sustains constantness and stability.
Attitude of healthy people to the
etiological meaning risk-factors of physical, somatic and
infectios diseases
A. Grigolava, T. Kacharava,
I. Tsulaia
Institute of Psychology, 22 Iashvili Street,
380007, Tbilisi, Georgia
The aim of work has been to identify priorities of etiological meaning factors accorded to psychical, somatic and infections diseases by healthy people. Proceed from the immediate aim following tasks has been marked out:
1. To compose list of disease manifestation of supposed causes, to categorise causes of psychical and somatic factors.
2. To investigate attitudes of healthy people-towards:
A) neurosis
B) skin and
C) etiological factors of cardio-vascular diseases.
3. To carry out comparative analysis on the basis of obtained empiric data.
Has been tasked two groups. The first group has consisted of 70 people under the age of 35, among them 38 women and 32 men, second group has contained 18 medical staff. The data have been worked out by SPSS program.
In the process of investigation has been utilized list of risk- factors causing diseases, obtained psychical, somatic and infections pathogenic factors. Tested persons were obliged after some instruction to express their aim attitude towards each other scale (do not cause, causes, possibly causes, really causes)
Has been drawn up the list of 41 risk-factors, having etiological meaning on the basis of piloting investigation.
In the block of psychic factors have been united pregnancy process, birth order, parent’s education, peculiarities of care, conflicts between the parents, attitude towards diseases in the family, psychic shock in childhood, style of relationship with the people of the same age, inception of sexual life, attitude towards the life, relationships with family members, friends, self estimation, alleviation of the emotions, style of life, find important "other", loss of the job, lacking of elementary social conditions, sins, negative karma, love, happiness, fear of disease, desire to be ill, nervousness, accidental sexual relations, loss of the parents.
In the block of somatic factors have been united: heredity, childbirth trauma, material level of the family, viruses and microorganisms, infections, air pollution, bad food, organic diseases in childhood surgical interference climate conditions, weak immunity vulnerability of the certain organ;
The investigation has been shown, that from the point of view of healthy people nervousness has been conditioned by the following factors:
As can be seen all 4 factors have pure psychic nature. In this regard, we can conclude, that from the healthy person’s point of view psychic factors have leading role among the canses designating nervousness:
Healthy persons has accorded grant advantage to the following factors, originating skin diseases:
As can be seen, all the above mentioned factors have somatic nature. From our point of view, the rejection of psychic factors in the etiology of these diseases have been caused by the fact, that tested persons have no comprehensive information, concerning leading role of psychological distress and general frustration, originating skin disease etiopathogenesis.
From the point of view of healthy person in the etiology of cardio-vascular diseases great importance has been accorded to psychic, physical and mental factor.
As can be seen, from the point of view of healthy people, the contribution of psychic factors in 4 aforesaid disease manifestation different. Psychic factors have leading role in aetiology of psychic diseases, are important in manifestation of somatic diseases and don’t take place in origination of skin diseases. On the basis of verification facts defined by psychosomatic medicine it can be concluded, that incorrect opinion has been spread in population in relation to causes of origination skin diseases. proceeded from the obtained results, we hold it indispensable to change people’s attitude towards these etiological factors; It should be realised, that both psychic and somatic factors are important in origination of certain diseases. Admittance of the aforesaid position has preventive importance, due to the fact, that ensures healthy style of life.
PERSON’S INVARIANT AND CHANGABLE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS IN DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS
Miranda Roinishvili
Person development problem remains as one of the central issue in experimental and empiric investigation of theory or person and his strucrural development. The investigation of carried out on this issue shall be divided in two main groups. One direction accords priority to person’s structural stability (all port). Another implys influence of social consolidation on person’s stricture, causing his lability, variability and development (Bandura, Rotter). The opinions are of ten encounted in literature, when in one personal structure, authors indicate invariant features, submitting to changes from surroundings with age (Maley Sokolova, Leontiev, Asmolov).
The aim of the investigation has been to reveal specification of invariant and changeable features of person’s structural features, ensuring age. The investigation has been based on conceptual principles of theory of set by Uznadze. Four age groups have been investigated (I age 13-14, II age - 18030, III age 30, 45, IV age 45-60) by method Uznadze, of fixed set clinical-biographical method (Norakidze, Grigolava) and TaT divided in two stages. The aim of the first stage has been to identify person’s structural invariant features, not subjected to changes with age. It has been discovered, that features of fixed set types and such features of fixed set as stability, excitation minimum and optimum are considered to be invariant Person’s such characterological features as aggression, dominance, autonomy, passive submission, unattainability, need to avoid danger, rigidity, ability of social adaptation has not submitted to changes, ensuring age.
On the second stage has been revealed general dynamics of changes in person’s characterological features in different age groups and specific picture for each aforesaid group. It has been discovered, that with age has been decreasing needs for affiliation, respect, playing, extending assistance, self-protection, avoiding failure, rejecting others and has been increasing needs for egoism, finding the protector and egoism are very low.
In second age group (age 18-30) in minimum and optimum, solidity of fixed set and number of contrast illusions has been decreasing. Ensuring person’s characterology, low index of set solidity indicates person’s such psychastenic reactions as self uncertainty, tendency to unfinish already begun affairs. Low andex of contrast implioes person’s illogicality, inconsistency of activity. Low index of excitation indicates inertness in behaviour and adaptability with social surroundings. Has been revealed high index of social and sexual need and low index in needs of surmounting obstacles other characteriological indices approach middle level. In this sphere we don’t see such hard picture as in the case of utilizing method of fixed set.
It should be noted, that expedient picture has been shown in relation to person’s characteriological indices in third age group (age 30-45). High indices bave been fixed only in relation to needs for finding the protector. This fact synonymously indicates high level of neurosis and person’s crisis. Due to this fact, we can conclude, that features of expedient fixed set causes changes in characteriological features.
In relation to fourth age group (age 45-60), it can be said, that others do not represent object of person’s inner interest they are focused only on their own personal safety. Has been revealed high level of order and low indices of affiliation, playing, extending assistance and rejecting others.
Based on aforesaid, we can conclude, that empiric material proves hypothesis of changing person’s features with age. Features, approaching with structure to temperament has been considered to be invariant such as (fixed set types and some features, person’s characteriological features), while features, not informing with temperament, but acquired from social relationships are changable. To these features belong needs for affiliation, respect, playing, extending assistence selfprotection, avoiding failure, rejecting others, finding protector and so on.
Dissertations
In Focus: Investigation of Citation Analysis in the Psychologic
Discipline N.Melkadze
Among the commoner catchphrases of contemporary postgraduate
education are continuing education and quality assurance. Inspite
the turbulent period the thirst for scientific research in
Georgia is high (as well as for the title doctor). The statistic
shows that in 1993-1998 20 psychologists received their master`s
degree and 17 doctors degree. In 1997 Georgia there were 76
psychologists with master’s and 19-docter`s degree[1].
Doctoral dissertations are the final stage communication of
scientific information and gold standard of academic achievement
to achieve which the researcher must in any case read wisely[2].
The organised circulation of information and exchange of ideas
has been became essential to the process of scientific research
and technological innovations. Until now the printed word
conveyed in books and journals was the principle vehicle by which
such information was disseminated and acquired. The goal of
library staff is, and always has been, to alert people to, and to
enable them to search for any recorded information that is
relevant to their interests[3]. We are sure the future will bring
increased transmission of scholarly communication via
networks-the signs of it are in citation of 8 internet abstracts
by Georgian scholars in dissertations, 1992-1998, in psychology.
Unfortunately information supply by libraries in Georgia is
collapsing and it becomes increasingly difficult for scientist to
get literature for regular reading that will allow them to be
confident that they are remaining current in their field of
interest. Just the fact that during last decarde the library
collections have been developing through donations points to the
problem in acquisition.
Thanks to the East and central Europe journal donation project
(J.D.P.) (managing director Claudia Bedrick) the thirst for
scientific literature has been to some extend quenched by
donation of approximately 280 titles of scholarly journals to the
libraries in Georgia in different fields of knowledge (see list).
The Journal Donation Project(JDP), based at the New School for
Social Research in New York City, was launched by Professor Arien
Mack in 1990 to assist in the development of research and
teaching libraries throughout East & Central Europe and the
countries of the former Soviet Union through the provision of
current subscriptions to American & British social science,
humanities and current events journals. The project was initiated
as a response to the manifest and critical need for current
research from the West which, in the absence of such a systematic
and continuous response, would have gone largely unmet. The
journals we provide serve to connect scholars, students and
professionals to a global community of research and debate, and
thus contribute to the crucial task of reconnecting them with the
mainstream of modern intellectual life.
The guiding idea of the JDP is that a reliable flow of current
information along with access to archival and historical records
are essential for any research or teaching of current relevance
to take place. Hence our focus has been on creating the best
contemporary scholarly resources at the libraries receiving our
support. To that end, we have been providing libraries with
current subscriptions to core disciplinary journals as well as
with extened, largely uninterrupted back volume sets. We made the
list of titles in Psychology and related branches of science
donated by J.D.P. in 1998-1999 for libraries in Georgia [appendix
1].
In previous papers we conducted a bibliometric analysis of
citation in 1991-1995 dissertations in medicine to get a
background knowledge of how the collapse of library service
reflected the scholars on been current in their field of
interest[4]. This study continues the topic by bibliometric
analysis of references in 21 dissertations, 1992-1998, in
Psychology.
The choice of the type of document for investigation determines
the following:
-They reveal the trends and tendencies of development in certain
field of knowledge; leader scholars and links of scientific
communication.
-They convey a wide range of parameters for bibliometric
analysis.
Methodology
Under investigation were citations in 21 dissertations,
1992-1998, in Psychology.
Information needed for this study was not available in computer
file form, all citations in dissertations were written on cards
and manually tabulated.
The dissertations were ranked in terms of code of the branch of
Psychology and age to document the preferences and interest of
scholars at the turbulent time period, 1992-1998[table 1].
To investigate who were the most-cited scholars in the most
recent period, 1997-1998, and, possibly why, we counted all
scholars cited in 8 dissertations, 1997-1998. Only first authors
were used in the analysis of the highly cited authors, a method
commonly used by the Institute for scientific information[5].
Self citations were excluded because we were interested in the
influence of one scholar on other scholars. All citations were
arranged alphabetically and tabulated:-Scholars cited in two or
more dissertations[table 2] –Georgia scholars cited in two or
more dissertations [table 3].
To investigate the most popular among psychology type of document
(monograph; article in books; journal we arranged citations
according to the type of document cited[table 4].
To investigate the cited type of document in terms of language
and age we arranged citations accordingly and tabulated [table
4]. The investigation showed that there are obvious differences
between the citations in psychology and medicine; Psychological
Medicine and the rest of Psychology-thus the necessity of
tabulating citations in Psychological Medicine in terms of
language, age and type of document.
To reveal the tendency, if any, in Journal Citation we tabulated
the lists of cited Journals in dissertations in Psychology in
1993 and in 1997-1998, we made the list of the most-cited
Journals in Psychological Medicine. To demonstrate the
differences between citation in Psychology and Medicine we
tabulated journal citation in 63 dissertations,1991-1995, in
medicine in terms of language, age.
Results
The investigation revealed that the collection of
dissertations in National Parliamentary library (the depository
library for dissertations in Georgia since 1992)-is not complete.
Only 10 dissertations in Psychology (4 of 1997; 4 of 1998 and 2
of 1999) were indexed in its catalogues. While the statistics
shows that since 1993-1998 have been awarded 20 master`s and 17
doctoral degrees[1]. 11 dissertations, 1992-1995, were borrowed
for investigation from the library of D. Uznadze state
Psychological Institute-the leading institute in Psychology in
Georgia.
Ranking in terms of code of branch in Psychology showed that the
majority of 1997-1998 dissertations were in social Psychology-3
and medicine psychology-2. The majority of 1993-1994
dissertations were in Psychology of age. Pedagogic Psychology-4;
applied psychology-4.
Cohn and Farrington reviewed in great detail the advantages and
problems and citation analysis as a method of measuring influence
and concluded that large numbers of citations provided an
imperfect but neverthless reasonably valid measure of the
intellectual influences[6].
Articles, books, scholars are cited when they are relevant to the
subject under discussion. Thus the number of times an article,
book or scholar is cited may be a measure of the impact this
publishing has had on the field[7]. Although the results of the
most-cited scholars study may substantiate what some
psychologists have known (e.g. The necessity of citing
D.Uznadze-the freud-setter of the soviet psychology), for others
these data may be a surprise. The study showed who is being
quoted and possibly why (some to lend credence to supervisor,
some to what`s been said: 3 scholars in the table 3 were quoted
by their students only) and who “authorities” are in the
Psychology field for Georgian scholars.
Scholars cited documents in English, Russian and Georgian. Among
619 citations of documents in Russian 125 were translations into
Russian[table4,5].
Journals in Russian and Georgian were less cited than books and
monographs. Documents in Georgian were more cited in Psychology
than in medicine[table 4,5,10].
Since 1992-1998 there were awarded two degrees in Psychology
medicine: one master’s and one doctor’s, both in 1997. To
have the clear idea of what is under discussion we decided to
give the title of both:
1.[Standartisation of Frustration test (Rozenzweig`s) and its
usage (in Georgian) (master’s theses),-1997
2.[Neuropsychologic problems in Parkinson`s desease],(in Georgian
(doctor`s degree).-1997.
Figures show that there are obvious differences in citation
practice between disciplines: in medcine there were much more
citations than in Psychology. This impact is seen in
dissertations in Psychologic medicine there were 843 citations,
whereas in 19 dissertations in Psychology there were 933
citations. 113 citations in Georgian 5 were cited in Psychology
medicine.
The scholars in medicine more often use journals than books.
Books are more important to scholars in Psychology [table 10].
Citations by language excluding dissertations in psychological
medicine.
E:470
R:364
G:98
Appendix 1
List of
Donated titles by J.D.P, 1998-1999, in Psychology and Related
Branches of sciences.
National Parlamentary Library of Georgia
1. Human Communication Research
2. Innovation: The European J. of social Science
3. International Journal of Public Opinion Research
4. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology
5. Journal of Human values
6. Qualitative Health Research
7. Social Studies of Science
Parliamentary Research Service
1.American Journal of Psychiatry
2.British Journal of Developmental Psychology
3.British Journal of Educational Psychology
4.British Journal of Psychology
5.British Journal of Clinical Psychology.
6.British Journal of medical Psychology.
7.British Journal of Social Psychology.
8.Critical Sociology
1. Journal of Occupational/Organizational Psychology.
10.Social Problems.
National Medical Library of Georgia
1.Archives Neurology
2.Archives of General Psychiatry
Georgian Academy of Sciences Central Scientific Library
1.Animal Learning and Behaviour
2.Behavior Research Methods
3.Behavior Ecology
4.Brain
5.Clinical Psychology:Science and Practice
6.Counseling Psychologist
7.European Sociological Review
8.Journal of Analytical Psychology
9.Journal of Child Psychotherapy
10.Journal of Humanistic Psychology
11.Journal of Religion
12.Journal of Theological
13.Psychological Science
14.School Psychology
15.Psychology and Developing Societies, Georgian Technical
University , Department of International Relations.
16.Social Problems.
17.Americal Journal of Sociology.
Table 2
The Most cited Scholars in 1997-1998 Dissertations in Psychology
Dissertations in- Quantity of Dissertations cited
Freud S. 12 2
Hall C.G. 7 3
Anokhin P.K 5 3
Allport G.W. 5 2
Leontjev A.N. 5 2
Ananjev B. 4 3
Merlin V. 4 2
Asmolov A. 3 2
Bodalev A. 3 2
Fisher S. 3 2
Lasarus R.S. 3 3
Jakobson P. 3 2
Berns R. 2 2
Bruner Dj. 2 2
Viljunas V. 2 2
Kitaev-smik 2 2
Petrovski A. 2 2
Rubinstein S. 2 2
Shibutani T. 2 2
Zaporojets M. 2 2
Yaroshevski M. 2 2
Table 3
Most cited Georgian Scholars in 1997-1998
Dissertations in Psychology.
Name cited The Quantity of
Dissertations cited in
Uznadze D. 20 8
Nadirashvili Sh. 19 5
Narakidze V. 7 6
Imidadze N.* 5 3
Bjalava I. 4 1
Natadze R. 4 2
Kuavilashvili Dj. 4 4
Bigvava Z.* 4 4
Baliashvili M. 3 2
Grigolava A. 3 3
Chkhikvishvili 3 2
Kuprashvili Dj. 3 1
Chkhartishvili 2 1
Kiria G.* 2 1
Tabidze D.
Charkiani D. 2 2
Table 6
List of Journals Cited in 1993 Dissertations in Psychology
The Title Cited
1.J. of Personality and Social Psychology 37
2.J. Theory of Social Behaviour 7
3.Psychlogical Review 7
4.J of Personality 2
5.J of Personality and Social Psychology 2
6.American Psychologist 1
7.Annual of Theoretical Psychology 1
8.Behavioral Science 1
9.The British J. For the Philosophy of Science 1
10.Canadian Psychological Review 1
11.Contemporary Pscychology 1
12.J. of Experimental Psychology 1
13.J of Pilosophy 1
14.J of Social Psychology 1
15.Polish Sociological Bulletin 1
16.Scientific American 1
17.Social Forces 1
18.Social Psychology 1
Table 7
Journals Cited Dissertations (1997-1998) in
Psychology in Georgia (European Languages)
The Title Citations
1.Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 56
2.Brian 42
3.Neurology 37
4.J.Neurol. Neurosurgery Psychiatry 27
5.J.Psychosomatic Research 24
6.J.Psychosomatic Medicine 23
7.British Journal of Psychology 14
8.Lancet 11
9.Neuropsychologia 09
10.Active Nerve Supplement 08
11.JAMA 08
12.Brain and Language 07
13.British J. Psychology 07
14.J.Nerve Mental Disorder 07
15.Social Forces 07
16.Psychological Bulletine 06
17.British J. of Medical Psychology 05
18.J. Clinical Experimental Neuropsychology 05
19.J. Experimental Psychology 05
20.Perception Motor Skills 05
21.British J. of Social and Clinical Psychology 04
22.J. of Abnormal and Social Psychology 04
23.Psychological Review 04
24.Review of Religious Research 04
25.J. Applied Social Psychology 03
26.American Psychologist 02
27.International J. of Psychoanalysis 02
28.J. of American Psychoanalitic Association 02
29.J. of Educational Sociology 02
30.J. of Social Psychology 02
31.J. of Psychology 02
32.J. of Research in Personality 02
33.Psychosomatics 02
34.Social Policy 02
35.Biological Psychology 01
36.American Sociological Review 01
37.Annual Review of Psychology 01
38.Australian Journal of Psychiatry 01
39.Character and Person 01
40.Educational and Psychological Measurement 01
41.Journal of Behave Assess 01
42.Journal of Behaviour medicine 01
43.Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 01
44.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 01
45.Journal of Educational Pesearch 01
46.Journal of Manageriae Psychology 01
47.Journal of Occupational Behaviour 01
48.Journal of Personality 01
49.Journal of Psychology and Theology 01
50.Journal of Religion and Health 01
51.Journal of Social Issues 01
52.Review of Educational Research 01
53.Review of Higher Education 01
54.Review of Religious Research 01
55.Social Problems 01
56.Social Psychology 01
57.Social Science Medicine 01
58.Sociology and Social Research 01
59.Sociometry 01
Table 8
The List of Cited Journals in 1993-1998 Dissertations in
Psychology and Medical Psychology(Russian)
1.[Veprosi ncukhologii ]–12
2.[Kardiologia]-12
3.[Voprosi Phylosophin]-10
4.[Psykhologicheski Jurnal]-9
5.[Jurnal Nevropatologii v Psykhiatrir i.m. S,S, Korsakova]-8
6.[Jurnal Vishei Nervnoideiate [Nosti]-5
5.[Sovetskaja Pedagogika]-5
6.[Izvestia Akademii Pedagogicheskikh Nauk RSFSR]-2
7.Novoje b Psykhologii]-2
8.[Veprosi Neikhologii]-2
9.[Vestnik MGU:Sep. 14 Psykhologia]-2
10.[Priroda]-2
1.Matsne-4 in Georgian
Table 9
The Most Cited Journals in 1997-1998 Dissertations in Medical
Psychology(European Language)
1.Brain-42
2.Neurology-37
3.J. Neurol Neurosurgery Psychiatry-27
4.J. Psychosomatics Res-24
5.J. Psychosomatics Med-23
6.Lancet-11
7.Neuropsychologia-9
8.Active Nerve Sup-8
9.JAMA-8
10.Brit J. Psychology-7
11.J.Nerv. Ment Dis-7
12.Brain and Language-7
13.J.Exp.Psychology
14.J.Clinical Exp. Neuropsychol-5
15.Percept Mot Skills-5
Table 10
Journal Citations in 63 dissertations (1995) in Medicine in terms
of
Age and Language
Literature
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3.Cox J. Information Delivery Chalanges. Towards Solution// New
way of information
Delivery and Their Impact on Libraries: Problems Solved or
Problems Multiplied/ed .by U. Montag.-IFLH Professional
Reports,-1995,-N48-P.21-25.
4.Bedrick C. The East and Central Europe Journal Donation Project
Oveview.-1999.-
5.Mikaberidze N.Melkadze N. [Scientometeric Analysis of
Dissertations in Medicine]//
Georgian Medical News,-1998-N1.-P.22-26.
6.Cohn E.G. Farrington D.P. Changes in the most cited Scholoars
in major Internation
Journals between 1986-1990 and 1991-1995// Brit. J.
Criminol.-1998.-N1.-P.156-170.
7.Price J.H. Newell S. Miller P. Most Cited Authors and
Publications in Health Education
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