CONTENTS:
FOR THE NOTION OF THE RENAISSANCE/D. Kheburia/
RELIGIOUS EDUCATION AS THE PEDAGOGICAL PROBLEM/T. Balanchivadze/
PHILOSOPHY OF CULTURE AND RELIGION /T. Apridonidze/
PHILOSOPHICAL ANTHROPOLOGY /R. Balanchivadze/
GOLDEN
SECTION IN THE STRUCTURE OF LIVE ORGANISMS
Khatuna Kapanadze
THEOLOGY
CHRISTIANITY - PAST AND CONTEMPORANEITY/Teimuraz Panjikidse/
AREOPAGITICS,
BIBLIOLOGY, ORPHISM, RELIGIOUS CONCSCIOUSNESS OF GEORGIAN NATION/Denyza
Sumbadze/
FOR THE NOTION OF THE RENAISSANCEDavid Kheburia
Doctor of philosophical sciences, Member of Academy of Philosophical Sciences of Georgia. The chief of Section , Institute of Politology, Academy of Sciences of Georgia.
The proper solution of the complicated and debatable problems of Renaissance demands first of all the assertion of the precise content of the Renaissance n o t i o n. Without of it the dispute on the level of the imaginations can be best, continued endlessly and may turn into the unavailing twaddle. Just in order to avoid this jabbless the mankind invented the notion and the science, the preciseness of the notion and objectivity. The more so as by recognition of many specialists there is backwardness in the understanding of the notion of the Renaissance and its impreciseness became the source of many misunderstandings.
For this purpose it will be good to count the essential signs of Renaissance, which more or less are found, noticed, and pointed in the special literature and in which basis we can reed its essence.
1. Renaissance is the historical category in the sense that it concerns and expresses existed in the time and space single phenomenon, the particular period (fragment) of the history, which can’t be repeated. Namely of this it differed from the common to all mankind category as it is Humanism, which follows to the whole history of mankind. It can’t be tear off from the man and will exist till the time the man exists.
2. Renaissance is the European phenomenon, is the organic part of the European history. It is the fruit of the peculiar development of the European culture. Because it has no bases to speak about the non-European in particular "Asian Renaissance", all the more about the "world Renaissance".
3. Renaissance is the phenomenon of the Christian world and bound up with the peripeties of the historic development of Christianity. It is conceived and blazed in the depth of Christianity cultural and common-public movement. Because of it has no base look for the Renaissance in the non-Christian World, in particular in the Moslem World the more in India, China, etc.
4. Renaissance is the correlative to antiquity category which loose its sense without this relationship. After all the term itself appeared (in the 16th century) as the "revival of the antiquity". "Renaissance of the antiquity", its reminiscence and restoration. Though there is an exaggeration in this because Renaissance wasn't only the repetition of the antiquity. It is clear that if there is no antiquity, there won’t be the "Revival", the moment of the "revival" of the antique in its own sense negates undoubtedly presents in it, but it can be reduced to it.
5. Renaissance is the peculiar negation of negation. It denials feudal philosophy, which in its own time negates antique philosophy. As it is known, dialectical negation of negation peculiarly returnees and restart initial stage of movement but it won't coincide it (then the d e v e l o p m e n t wont exist) as they are mediated namely by the first negation, which the trade achievement, it wont loose. Indeed in the synthetical integrity of the Renaissance negation of negation is assimilated and learnt such property of Christian outlook as it is monotheism, the peculiar internal opposition to slavery the "divinity" of all people and etc.
6. The Renaissance is the total cultural raising and it signifies the certain transitional period, qualitatively new stage in the history of culture. In this sense it isn’t a simple and direct continuation of the Medieval (Middle Ages), on the contrary the "raising" has its sense with the relation of "fall", which preceded it (spring is the revival of nature namely because it is preceded by Winter, but it is always spring the "revival" will have not its sense.
7. Renaissance is the peculiar and particular form of Humanism in which is implied the advancement of a men’s problem and the recognition of the positive values of the secular life. In the Middle Ages the problem of a man was moved aside and was considered o n l y as the means of revealing of Gods problem. Renaissance violated their such correlation, though it didn’t say no to problem of God (from this point of view it can’t be considered as anthropocentrism). But together with it and besides it the problem of a men gained before unprecendented and comparatively independent meaning. The Renaissance took forward the man's individual and person, his own talent, capacity and active, creative activity "as man is not fit as a man, what is the use of this origin" and by this also it prepared the consciousness of a new time, though, essential peculiarity of the Renaissance humanism's the "freedom of a man" not in its modern understanding but the freedom of a man from feudal chains(1).
8. Renaissance is a protest against the individual s u p r e m a c y of religion it is created (in particular, of the church). In the middle ages were created quite particular circumstances, when the religion s u b o r d i n a t e d the art, science and philosophy, which lost independence, freedom and because the servants of religion. Renaissance denies against the religion and we can't accuse, it of atheism. But religion is the struggle against the supremacy of the religion. These are quite different thingse.i. one thing is the immutable right of the existence religion, and another it is its supremacy on the rest forms of the public consciousness Renaissance began the struggle against the pointed serfage, for the freedom and independence of the different forms of consciousness(2)
9. Renaissance is a transitional epoch from feudalism system to capitalism and by means of it is defined its unique place in the history of Europe. Europe is the only region of the world, where the most perfectly or typically was realized the low governed succession mankind's historical development’s main stages(the formations) . (and by means of it influenced on the development of other regions) (3) . Renaissance is the herald of the crisis of feudalism and the forerunner of the new public system in the depth of feudal society. (the main source of this crisis is the internal oppositions of the feudal society and it is sharply and distinctly presents primarily in the spiritual spheres. Renaissance prepared the ideological premises against serfdom that more later crowned with the social revolutions and the overthrow of feudal reality.
Such are the essential signs of Renaissance (their number maybe increased). All of them are obligatory, but not enough for establishment of the notion of Renaissance. And what is more each of them has the sense of in the relationship with the rest, with the inseparable ties with them. Only their unity and integrity creates the contentof the notion of Renaissance. Renaissance is not the "cultural raising" in itself. The history of all countries are the succession of the fall and raising "Revival" is promised in Georgia today also, after such awful fall). But it is not Renaissance we are arguing now(4). Renaissance is the movement which conceived in the middle ages in Europe for the preparation of new era, it is the transitional stage from feudalism to capitalism.
It is seen from it also, that in the notion of the "Oriental Renaissance" "Orient" means Oriental Europe, Christian East to which belongs Georgia too.
As it is known in this sense that "Oriental Renaissance" notion was used by the eminent Georgia philosopher Shalva Nutsubidze. Only others began to widen the area of its and spread it in all Asia, which hasnot any justification.
Opinions about the elements of Renaissance of XI-XII century in Georgia were expressed in Georgian science ideas earlier too. But these thoughts first were raised on the level of t h e o r y by Shalva Nutsubidze. After his works it is impossible to neglect the Renaissance character of his "Knight in the Panters skin" Shalva Nutsubidze also proved that Georgian Renaissance preceded the beginning of the Renaissance in the Western Europe, in particular in Italy (XIV-XV centuries). His main purpose and care was namely this: to advance the foremost positions of the Georgian culture in the worlds walk of life.
As neoplatonism in our opinion it seems more reliable and convincing those researchers positions (they are majority) who reckon that Rustaveli is not neoplatonicist, though (however) he knows and makes use of him just as he knows and makes use of the Epicureanism, stoicism, Aristotle, Plato and antique philosophy in general.
The historical place of neoplatonism may be defined as transitional stage from the antique philosophy to medieval philosophy. Was it progressive or reactionary? Such statement of this question witnesses one-sided metaphysical approach to it and reminds us the known question: Is the rain useful or harmful? Neoplatonism wasn't progressive phenomenon in relationship with antique Greek philosophy which culmination and crown was Aristotle. After this began the long, regressive movement of this philosophy. But Neoplatonism is the progressive phenomenon from the point of view of history of religion. It prepared Christian theology, which undoubtedly was the step forward in comparison with antique polytheism, idolatry and paganism.
Here naturally is born more common, and difficult question of principle, which undoubtedly demands more thinking of specialists. It is not arguable and all knows to date , that feudalism was the progressive in comparison with slave-owning system, which he changed. Serf system was the step forward in comparison with slavery. But how we have to evaluate feudal philosophy relatively to antique philosophy? As it was noted above, in the Middle Ages were created quite peculiar circumstances, when the philosophy lost independence and freedom. So, whether the feudal philosophy was step forward and progressive advancement in comparison with antique philosophy? Let’s remind, that philosophy in VI-V centuries BC was detached from religion, which plays the essential and great ride for its flourishing. It went also through independent and eminent way of development and after ten centuries in V-VI AD it gathered again with religion. So what has happened? Is it something. like of interrupting in the history of i n d e p e n d e n t development of philosophy (it means history of European philosophy). One thing is without doubt that the philosophy and religion are necessary and different forms of spirit and their ties , coexistence and amity doesn't mean subordination or merging. In one word feudal ideology was the step forward in comparison with slave owning system with the point of view of the history of religion. But it is difficult to say the same about the philosophy together with religion. In any case here as a lot to discuss and it demands the following research(5).
Above mentioned (if we agree with it) boldly in relief and more completely represents historical mission of Renaissance, its extreme merit to philosophy: It liberated it from captivity of Religion, returned to it everything as what was lost (during 10 centuries). In any case it began the energetic and irreconcilable struggle for its freedom and independence.
It was certainly r e v i v a l in its true understanding of this word.
Notes
1. From this is seen that humanism of Renaissance is the peculiar kind of Humanism and it is not possible to identify them in any sense.
2. We have to emphasize that this moment is principal for the defining of e s s e n c e of Renaissance and it is pity that nobody pay due attention to it.
3. It cannot be denied that Europe performed a p a r t i c u l a r role in world’s history, to the definition of the historical fortune of the other continents.
4.For example: in the "raising" in 8th century Arabia we called Renaissance that we loose the "Middle ages", the denial of which has to be Renaissance!..
In general, reasonable decision of problem implies the sharp difference and comparison of those notions, as it is "middle ages", Renaissance" and "new time" (three great epoch of the history of Europe). The compassion of their signs loose the sense of all them. Renaissance will not be if is not "middle ages", but it is not its element, on the contrary, Renaissance means the
RELIGIOUS
EDUCATION AS THE PEDAGOGICAL PROBLEMBalanchivadze
Tamar
Candidate of pedagogical sciences (senior lecturer), assistant professor, Georgian Tbilisi Shota Rustaveli State Institute of the Theater and Cinema
The main spheres of activity: pedagogic, religion, main works according to the spheres of activity.
1. "The religious faith and the development of the personality" the herald of the academy of the pedagogical sciences. 1998, #1.
The religions faith plays the most important role in the process of the moral development of the personality. Practice shows us what kind of religions depredations happen to the person which denies the faith of God.
The only way escaping the moral crises is to turn back to the religions faith.
2. The spiritual revival of culture is possible by means of the return to God. Culture" 1988, #2.
In the work is emphasized that 20th century will enter the history of mankind as the century of spiritual, moral crises, as the century of the loneliness and holylessness of a men. The one of the main reason of crises is the negation of a religion faith.
3. Religious education as the pedagogical problem. Journal "Kldekaru" #2.
As the secular, so spiritual leadership coarse of a Georgia Republic is such on the contemporary stage of the development of our society, that we have to say forever to the life without God, to religions estrangement. And namely now in the period of total returning to Church is cut out more and more the meaning of religions education, learning.
4. About the relationship of Christian religion and science "The materials of international Symposium "Christianity: past, present, future.
In the work is criticized the view, according to which there is the principle difference between the scientific knowledge and religions faith as it the knowledge is reliable, and the faith false and non reliable, that knowledge implies definite argumentation's, grounds, lath doesn't demand grounds and is not controlled. In difference with this view anther defends the that knowledge and faith doesn't contradict each other, on the contrary they fill each other as the knowledge concerns the visible world and its appropriateness, faith concerns the invisible divine essence and eternal truth.
5. The religious education
of the youth as pedagogical problem
Candidate Dissertation
The work is devoted to one of the main direction on the contemporary stage - to the question of students religions education which has to return to youth the lost in the conditions of totalitary regime religions truth and to turn them to true Orthodox Christianity.
Dissertation is first work in whole Georgia pedagogical literature, which is devoted to the problem of religious education
Address:
Georgia: Tbilisi, Kekelidze 25, app 71
PHILOSOPHY
OF CULTURE AND RELIGIONTamar
Apridonidze
Scientist of Iv. Javakhishvili State University religion research center, Chairmen of the commission of the cultural relationships with foreign countries of the Tbilisi Iv. Javakhishvili University Society, painter, icon painter.
The main spheres of the activity: philosophy of culture and religion.
Main works:
"For the expressionism mythical World outlook" In this work together with the empirical historical analyses of expression is given the metaphysical research of expressionism. (20th century German art phenomena). The final aim of this work is the evaluation of expressionism from the point of view of Christianity. Expressionistic Art world outlook is mythical, but as an art, namely mythical is the resolution of the Christian World outlook.
"Art and Religion"
In this work a great place is given to the establishment of the notion of art in its relationship with religion. It is said that Art is one of the forms of culture out its high form. Art is the forms of culture and its high form. Art is the revelation of God in the kind of concrete - material forms.
"For the understanding of the notion religion"
The notion of the religion is deepened in this works, is said that religion is an abject of philosophy of religion. The consideration of the notion religion impose three main moments. The idea of God, The relationship of men to God and the cult.
What is religion" Religion is the aspiration of men to God, men’s stage of unification with God. In the work is analyzed the question of religious consciousness and religion faith. The main direction of the work is the Orthodox Christianity.
"Zviad Gamsakhurdia Spiritual activity and Christian national world outlook".
This work is about the spiritual activity of the president of the republic of Georgia Zviad Gamsakhurdia - doctor of philosophy, poet, literary, scholar, translator. Here is analyzed the general direction of his spiritual activity that is of Orthodox Christian, besides of it is shown the revelation of his general line of activity in his particular spheres, that are his verses, translations, scientific works. In the work are analyzed American poetry - his translation: namely, Whalt Whitmen, articles about L.Tolstoy, Konstantine Gamsakhurdia, The spiritual missions of Georgia, Praise and glorification of Georgian language, the spiritual history of mankind, his political activity and others.
We are going to issue the journal "Zviad Gamsakurdia’s spiritual activity’s - Christian-national outlook" and offer other scientists to take part in this research. If you have a desire to participate in it, or to help us in such great beginning.
Contact:
Tbilisi, Kekelidze 25, app. 74,
PHILOSOPHICAL ANTHROPOLOGY /R. Balanchivadze/
Doctor of philosophy (1982), professor (1987), chief of the department of philosophy of Georgian Tbilisi Shota Rustaveli Theater and cinema State Institute, professor of Tbilisi Iv.Javakhishvili State University Institute of culture, J.Gogebashvili prize-winner, member of the journalism federation, vice-president of Georgian Arts sciences Academy, the academician of Georgian academy of pedagogical sciences.
Main spheres of activity: philosophical anthropology, ethics, pedagogic, literature, philosophical questions of journalism.
Main works according to spheres of activity:
Philosophical anthropology:
1) Book "Man, Freedom, Responsibility" issue "Metsniereba" Tbilisi, 1976
Book concerns problems of mankind fortune on the contemporary conditions of the scientific - technological revolution and to what direction the scientific technical progress leads the mankind, is analyzed problem of menus freedom and responsibility, the menus natural and unnatural theories 1) book "The right and dialectics of freedom and duty". Articles in scientific collection "The problem of mankind in natural philosophy" Questions of Philosophical anthropology.
2) Man’s problem in Zhan Pol Sartr’s philosophy "Questions of the Philosophical anthropology II, 1971.
3) Man’s problem in George Santaia’s philosophy "Questions of Philosophical anthropology II 1973.
4) For the critics of understanding of the freedom of man in French atheistic existentialism "The department of social sciences of Georgian Academy of sciences". "Matsne" 1978
Book "The questions of the moral education (upbringing) on the contemporary stage" Tbilisi, 1980
The moral problems are analyzed on the contemporary stage of development of our society: The technical estrangement, manes behavior Homo Faber as the expression of the moral crises. Book "Men and Tradition" Tbilisi 1977, Article "lessons of the moral education of the youth in Antoine Sent Egzuperi creation "The herald of the Georgian Academy of philosophical sciences.
Philosophy of literature:
Book "The manes philosophical conception in Georgian belles letters.
The following questions are considered in the work on the example of Georgia belle letters.
What is man, what is place it has in the world, what is the sense of his life, what is his responsibility and duty. Here also is shown that Georgian writing gave as such optimistic understanding of man, which abruptly contradicts the understanding of the contemporary theories about the essence of man.
Article Manes problem in Antoine Sent Egzuperi Creation" philosophy, culture, history" Tbilisi, 2000
The estrangement of a man from the religion and its reproduction in the contemporary art" Book "Freedom, for the development of the person", Tbilisi 1996
Philosophy of pedagogic:
Book "The philosophical bases of pedagogic" Tbilisi 1997 (coauthor ship with Asatiani "The book is the first attempt of the analyses of the questions of philosophical of pedagogic in the Georgian scientific literature. The aim of the book is to restore that organic and compulsory relations between pedagogic and philosophy, which in so called period of Marxism premeditatedly was known.
The philosophical categories and notions are considered in the work ("Man", "freedom", "responsibility", "values", "estrangement", "education", and etc. without of use of which won’t built the perfect philosophical theory of pedagogic. In the work is analyzed the philosophical problems of the main components of education (upbringing), that not only differs from the works done by the specialists of pedagogic about the aspects of education, but also represents some kind of methodological base of the future research.
The book will promote to the philosophical development of level and culture of specialists in pedagogic and to their interest by this problem. The given ides has marc capable the foundation of pedagogues on the contemporary philosophical anthropology, or has to lay the foundation to the new philosophical anthropologist pedagogic.
Article: "The philosophical questions of the education". Book "The actual problems of the education in school", Tbilisi, 2000
Philosophy of journalism
Article "The freedom of mass media" (The philosophical analyses of the problem) Works of Tbilisi State journalism department" Tbilisi University issue, 2001
In the work are analyzed two principally different versions of judgments about the freedom of mass media: first empirical and another theoretical philosophical
First version is nonscientific, naive judgment which rests upon the practice of life, direct observation and own opinion about the mass media and it is not differed from the judgment of the spectator about the film or performance.
As the freedom of mass media is one of the concrete kind of freedom, the second version of judgment about this question is rested on the philosophical conception of freedom, the philosophical conception of freedom which implies not one of the aspects of the freedom, but the freedom in whole, its essence. Such conception differs from naive position, like as the manes opinion of specialist in drama study from the opinion of a man about performance.
Balanchivadze Revaz
Georgia: Tbilisi, Kekelidze 25, app 71
e-mail:
GOLDEN
SECTION IN THE STRUCTURE OF LIVE ORGANISMS
Khatuna Kapanadze, Tbilisi
State University, Graduate Student. E_Mail
(Summary)
The paper deals with the exposure of a golden section in different species
of plants and animals. Shell -fish architecture of a number of types, herbal
leaves and pine cones were investigated. The results of the performed calculations
proved the presence of the golden section in their structure. The universality
of the golden section is proved also by the fact that it is encountered
in almost all spheres of reality. The presence of this regularity was known
back in antique philosophy and art. This problem has always been and still
is in the center of attention of philosophers and thinkers of the new era,
which once again confirms its philosophical essence.
THEOLOGY
CHRISTIANITY - PAST AND CONTEMPORANEITY
Panjikidse Teimuraz
Doctor of philosophical sciences, professor, Head of Tbilisi Iv.Javakhishvili State University Religion and Ethics department, the Head of the religion Research Centre, academician of the Academy of the relationships of national and social sciences/
T.Panjikidse published more than 100 scientific works {in Georgian,
Russian German languages} about the
history of Christian church, history of religion, biblistics, Georgian
paganism, about the relationship of national and religious, about the problems
of religious minority, about the contemporary state of the modern religion
.He took part in creation of the religion textbook and is its coauthor.{Tbilisi
1972}. From the published works the main are monographs:
"About easy to get on with tendencies of Orthodoxy" {Tbilisi 1965}, "Man and religion" {Tb. 1968}, "Religion and contemporaneity" {Tb.l973}, "Letter about the religion and Atheism" {Tb.1976}, "Religion, atheism and youth" {Tb. 1978}, "Bible yesterday .today" {Tb.l982}, "By the steps of religious faith" {Tb. 1986} "Jesus Christ .legend or reality" {Tb. 1987}, "Mudchamed, moslem, Vackhabism and problems of Georgia" {Tb. 1999}
"Bible Yesterday, Today"
Book is written with commentaries and in the period of supremacy of
atheism ,when the any of revelations of religion was
forbidden or was perceived negatively. In spite of this author managed
to show great cultural historical meaning of this eternal
book of mankind. At the end of the work are given interesting materials
about the translation of the Bible in Georgian and is
pointed its multiply issues. Book was published in 1982 in Tbilisi
and consists 180 pages.
" Christianity,- past and CONTEMPORANEITY"
In the book is considered the most wide spread religion -Christianity
from its origin up to contemporaneity. Much attention in the book
is paid to the history of Orthodox church. to its particularities. Book
was issued in 1984 and consists 220 pages.
" By the steps of the religious faith".
Book tells about the religion. about such important social consciousness
n the book is shown those long rising way through which was gone religion,
beginning from its simple natural forms up to contemporary complex forms.
Book was issued in 1986, Tbilisi and of 240 pages.
"Muckhamed, Islam and problems of Georgia"
In the book is related about Islam, one of the great and important religion
of the world, about the creator and prophet
Muckhamed, its Holy Writ Koran, its followers, is said about its influences
of this religion on Georgian history traditions and is
pointed what role has it today on the state of independent Georgia.
AREOPAGITICS, BIBLIOLOGY, ORPHISM, RELIGIOUS CONCSIOUSNESS OF THE GEORGIAN NATION
Denyza Sumbadze
Philosopher and Theologist
Professor at Tbilisi State University Department of Religiology and
Ethics, leads the main course in Theology - Old Testament.
Denyza Sumbadze is the founder and leader of Areopagitic Scientific
Center at the same University - this is St. Dionysus Areopagite Scientific
Association, which studies and investigates his mystico -philosophical
teachings and the problem of identity of the author. Two scientists -one
from Georgia, academician Shalva Nutsubidze and the other, Belgian scientist,
academician Ernst Honigman - consider that Psedo-Dionysus Areopagite and
the great ascetic and church figure - Peter Iberian (5 th century)
is one and the same person. The aim of this centre is to collect and analyse
the scientific resonance and results of above mentioned conception.
In 1991, when atheistic state regime fell down, Denyza Sumbadze founds
the St. Peter Iberian Humanitarian Institute. It is an educational and
scientific center of a new orientation. Now she's a rector of this institute.
The special interest of this institute is the teaching of Bible. The esoteric
and theological interpretations of this teaching of Bible define the state
and direction of the institute.
Denyza Sumbadze is the leading scientist in the Institute of Philosophy
at the Academy of sciences of Georgia; she is the patrologist of Patriarchate
of All Georgia and the lecturer in Mtskheta Theological Academy, where
she has read the course of lecturs - "the Greek-philosophical premises
of Christian Theology".
As a public figure, she is the president of Iberian Mother
of Christ Charity Association ; the President of Cartvelological
chamber of the World Congress of the Whole Georgians, the founder and leader
of a new Movement "the Rights and Honours of a Nation". The chief editor
and scientific director of a theological-political newspeper "Nation's
Honour"
Presentations at International Symposiums and Conferences:
1.The 15th International Congress of philosophers in Varna /Bulgaria, 1973/. ''For the Ethical comprehension of Irreal Being in the Light of the Philosophy of Plato.''
2.International Symposium of Bizantists in Tbilisi, 1973. ''Gelati Philosophical Academy and the End of the Greek Philosophy.'' Here author speaks about the esoteric layers and interopposed attitudes of Biblic God and by Him created the first man.
3.Tbilisi-Iena /Georgia-Germany/ International symposium in classical philology, 1982'' Christianity and Orfism.'' By the comparison and analysis of two /Christian and Orfic/ religionary-theologic teachings the author shows the denial of love of a woman and a man in Christian-Orthodox ethics.
4.The 19th international symposium of Bysantists /Copenhagen, 1996/.
''Bysantine-theological basis of Orthodox Church and its Future.''
The main scientific works:
1. "The ideal of a man and a state in the Philosophy of Plato".
2. "Dyonisus The Areopagite and Dante Alighieri" (conceptual interrelations).
3. "Martyrdom and Thinking" (Christianity and Plotinus)
4. Reflections about Nunnery (the Problem of Anchoret in Georgian Consciousness (psychological analysis of the conceptions of the great Georgian poet Shota Rustaveli and great Georgian enlghter of the 18 th century Anton Katolikosi - Patriarch of All Georgia)
5. Chaldeans in Bible or self-cognition of the Mankind and the Phenenomen of the Georgian Nation"
Special courses, which can be offered be Denysa Sumbadze:
1. Orfism and Georgia
2. The History of Religious-Philosopical Consciousness in Georgia
3. The Identity of the Author of the Works of Dyonisis The Areopagite
in the Theories of Academian Shalva Nutsubidze and Academican Ernst Honigman.
4. Tne New Conception about Nation`s Phenomenon
5. The New interpretation of Biblic God
6. Bible and the Theology of Holy Spirit
7. Chaldeans in the Bible or Selfcognition of the Mankind and the Phenomenon
of the Georgian Nation
8. The Ethical Landmarks of Contemporaneity and Bible as the
Holy Book of Mankind
9. The Interpretation of the Mankind Oath of Bible God: ,,And I will
put enmity between you and the woman" (Gen. 3:15)
The Contact Addresses:
Denyza Sumbadze
Vaja Phshavela Av.97,1/20
Tbilisi, 380086, Georgia
Tel:61-75-39
32-58-51
25-17-63 - Tbilisi State University
e-mail: dionysa@yandex.ru
Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian Literature
Georgian Academy of Sciences
I The Department of Georgian Literature of V-XVIII centuries studies such problems as follow:
1.Ecclesiastical Literature: Bibliography (from V century); the apochrypha (since V century); the Lives of Saints (among them "The Wisdom of Balahvar", the Georgian version of which, according to some scholars, represents the archetype of the version spread in Byzantine and Western cultures);martyrdoms (from V century), Exergetics (from VIII c), Dogmatics, Polemics, Ascetics, Mystics, Homiletics, Canons, Liturgy, Hymnography; traces of ecclesiastical literature in Georgian literature(translations, borrowings,etc.); informations saved in Georgian literature about Byzentine, Syrian, Arabic writers (Gregory of Nazianzus, John Chrysostomus, Basil the Great); a question of authorship of Areopagitic books (among them, a Belgian Byzentinologist Honigman’s and Georgian Byzentinologist Sh.Nutsubidze’s poin of view, according to which the author of Areopagitic books is Peter the Iberian, the theologist of V century); Georgian religious centres in Palestine, on Mount Athos and Constantinepole, on Black Mount in Syria, Antioch, Bulgaria, Russia and in other countries; some peculiarities of national and state mentality in religeous literature; publishing the works of authors of V-XVIII centures (which is seldom carried out because of extreme financial hardship). These questions have already crossed the boundaries of problems of history of Georgian literature.They have special importance also for Byzentinology (Georgian literature preserved a lot of materials about history and literature, religion and culture of Byzentium), for those who investigate the history of Christianity, history of culture of the Orthodox world.
2.Secular Literature: heroic ("Amiran-Darejaniani"), romance (Rustaveli’s "The Night in the Panther’s Skin" etc.), epics, didactic-moralistic epics; ecclesiastic and secular lyric poetry; the formation and evolution of Humanism, secular tendencies and the Enlightening. A question of Oriental (Georgian) Renaissance (Sh.Nutsubidze’s book "Rustaveli and Oriental Renaissance", 1947, which is supported by a Russian PhilosopherLosev: "Aesthetics of Renaissance", 1984 and which is desputed by other authors); Georgian translations of Phirdousi, Nyzami and other Persian classics; imitations and adaptations; the perseption of Muslim literature; Europeanism, Baroque, Mannerism, Classicism and peculiarities of the docrine of three styles in Georgian literature. These problems have the special importance not only for the history of Georgian Literautre. It should be noted that none of the European (Christian) literatures (including Spanish itself) did not have such long and multiple relations with Persian, Arabic and other Oriental literatures, as it had Georgian literature. The first symptoms of slowing down these relations in the Georgian literature was reflected only at the time when Goethe discovered "the marvellous East" and declared that you cannot understand Calderon unless you know Hafiz.
II.The Department of XIX century Georgian Literature studies the following problems: Romanticism, Realism, Folklorism, ideas of the Enlightment and social Criticism; Literature as the highest form of self-survival for the nation incorporated by the Russian Empire; the peculiarities of the new European ideas on the Georgian ground; The process of democratization of the language; relations among literary generations; the specificity of establishing European literary ideas, themes, motives, forms and genres;literature and theatre; Fiction and Criticism; Literature and the mass media; Literature and other channels of culture; Literature and Tsarism censorship; "High Literature" and "Mass Literature"; Literature and the ideological and esthetical problems "at the edge of the centuries". The study of the XIX century Georgian contributes to the study of such questions as:spreading the literary movements and genres, small nations and imperial policy of Russia; East-West synthesis, etc.
III.The Department of XX Century Georgian Literature focuses its attention on such questions, as follows: Literature of "the Edge of the Centuries"; Neoromanticism; ideology, political processes and literature of the beginning of the XX century; Modernism of 1910-20ss; Symbolism, Art Nouveau, Futurism, Dadaism, Expressionism in Georgian literature; literature of the I independent Georgian Republic (1918-1921); Soviet Literature; The Communist Ideology and Literature; the reflection of the resistance to the official culturein literature; Georgian literature abroad; Ideological repressions and Literature; "Ottepel"and Literature; the Generation of 60s; Ironical-Parodical Poetry as an esthetical phenomenon and an expression of opposotion towards the Soviet system. The Dissidents’sliterature; Perestroika and Literature; the specificity and development of literature of Independent Georgia; Postmodernism; the stages of development of the XX th criticism; the criticism on the modern stage. One of the most important purposes of the Department is to re-check the stereotypes established by the Communist ideology, based on the modern principles of theory of literature and to prepare the history of the XXth century Georgian literature.
IV.The Department of Current Literary Processes aims at establishing the character of the current literary processes, to reveal the main tendencies and peculiarities. The Criticism faces the diffusion of "Mass literature" and more or less Postmodernist tendencies.
V.The Department of Literary Relations (Comparative Studies) aims at the study of the translations and reception of these and other European writers in Georgian literature: Homer, Dante, Servantes, Milton, Shakespeare, Goldsmith, Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu, Corneille, Racine, Lessing, Goethe, Schiller, Pushkin, Lermontov, Griboedov, odoevski, Heine, Byron, Novalis, Hugo, Beranger, Dickens, Thackeray, Dumas, Tolstoi, Chekhov, Gorki, Mark Twain, European Symbolists, Expressionists, Hemingway, Faulkner, T.S.Elliot... The special attantion is paid to the role of the European literary movements, ideas, themes, motives, artistic forms; Europe and Russia in the works of Georgian writers; the private contacts of Georgian writers with foreign writers (Pushkin, Lermontov, Dumas, Gorky, Pasternak, A.Belji, Maiakovski, Akhmadulina and so on); comparative studies of Georgian and European romance, Renessaince, Baroque, Romanticism, Modernism and Postmodernism; Shakespeare and Georgian theatre; Shakespeare in Georgian literary criticism; traces of Symbolism and Expressionism in Literature and Criticism; traces of Russian and Eastern Europe literature in Georgian literature; Analogies of forms in Georgian literature and art.
VI. The Department of Journalism pays the special attention to the study of the periodicals (among them dissidents’ and emigrants’) forbidden in the Soviet period.
VII. The Department of Textology prepares the academic publishing of classic writers. The works of opposed, emigrant and dissident writers are also being prepared.
VIII.The Department of Folklore works into two directions: collects oral narratives and carries; investigates their styly, genre, themes and motives. The attention is also paid to the analogical motives of Prometheus and Amirani, the traces of ancient civilization and paganism in Georgian Folklore, etc.
IX. The Department of Theory of Literature aims at releasing
Georgian literary criticism from the remains of Marxist methodology; reconsiders
the critical methodology of the Soviet period and establishes its attitude
towards the processes which take place in the Western critical theory.
Periodicals:"Literaturuli Dziebani" (annual), "Sjani" (annual), "Works of the Young Scholars" (annual); "Calmasoba" (monthly), "Criterion" (quarterly).
The main Research Directions: History of Georgian Literature from 5th century until today, Relations between Georgian and foreign literature (Comparative Studies), Georgian folklore, Theory of literature.
The most important works on the questions of Georgian literature are the following:
I.Questions of Ecclesiastical literature:
1.Questions of Periodization of Georgian Literature;
2.Bibliology;
3.The Lives of Saints;
4.The Apocrypha;
5.Homiletics.
6.Byzantine-Georgian Literary Relations.
7."Wisdom of Balahvar".
8.Areopagitics.
9.Exegetics.
10.Mystics.
11.Homiletics.
12.Liturgy.
13.Hymnography.
14.Neoplatonism.
15.Georgian Christian Centres in Palestine, Syria, Antiochia and elsewhere.
II. Secular Literature of XI-XVIII Centuries.
1.Rustaveli’s "The Knight in the Panther’s Skin".
2.A Question of Georgian Renaissance.
3.Phirdous and Other Persian Writers in Georgian Literature.
4.Georgian Baroque.
5.Ideas of the Enlightment in Georgian Literature.
6.A Genre of Worries of Life.
7.A Theme of Martyr Ketevan in Georgian Literature and in Griphius’s Tragedy.
8.Didactic-Moralist Epic;
9.Questions of Poetics in Epic and Lyrical Poetry of the Period.
III. XIX Century Literature.
1.Typology of Georgian and European Romanticism.
2.European Writers and XIX Century Georgian Literature (On Shakespeare-"Georgian
Shakespeariana",vol.I-V, 1964-1984, works-in Georgian, abstracts-in
English).
IV. XX Century Literature.
10."Taming of Literature."
11.Great Terror and Georgian Literature.
12.The Theme of World war II.
13.The Theme of Collective Farms.
14.A Question of "A New Man" and "A Hero".
15."Writers’ Union"-For and Against.
17.Oppositional, Emigrant and Dissident Literature.
18."Ottepel" and Georgian Literature.
19.Hemingway in Georgian Literature.
20.Ironical-Parodical Poetry.
21.Pasternak and Georgian Writers.
22.Woman’s Image in Georgian literature.
23.European Civilization Estimated by Georgian Writers.
24.Georgian Literature of Today.
IV. Georgian Criticism and Literary Theory of the
XX Century.
V. Georgian Folklore.
VI. Textology
e-mail:
"Literaturuli Dziebani" (Literary Researches), vol. XXI, 2000. Summaries of the works:
The Political Ideology and the Georgian Hymnography /Nestan Sulava/
The Georgian Hymns of XII-XIH centuries are usually composed in praise or honour of the most important objects of worship of the Georgian people and thus they reflect the national consciousness and political ideology of the age characterized by messianic spirit. In Nikoloz Gulaberisdze's and Arsen Bulmaisilnisdze's hymns the Georgian nation is proclaimed as the object of divine favor ("sazepuro"). The idea of the national self-assertion runs through the entire hymns of this age.
In contrast to the hymnology of the preceding epoch the hymnists of XII-Xm centuries (Nikoloz Gulaberisdze, the Queen Tamar, loane Ancheli, loane Shavteli, Arsen Bulmaisimisdze, and Sate Svmgelozi) are m close touch with the political ideology, only loane-Zosime's "Eulogy and Praise of the Georgian Language" stands aloof. Following the hagiographic works and chronicles they stress several signs proving that the Georgian nation is chosen by God: the fume of Our Savior is preserved in Georgia, Georgia fell to the Virgin's lot; the Georgian Church is recognized as the Apostolic; the Georgian monarchs derive from the Biblical Kings. Side by side wife this the hymnists included also in their works some new elements conditioned by the messianic spirit, and first of all the affirmation of the monarchic theme of the icon not made by the human hand (tome Ancheli, Arson Bulmaisimisdze, Saba Svingelozi* the assertion that the nails and the plank used for the crucifying of Christ ale rested in Georgia; St Nina is recognized as equal to Apostles; origin of the tradition that Elias' robe is preserved in Georgia. All of these motives are purposefully stressed in the hymns intended for the liturgical service. Thus the parishioners was communicated to the definite political and national ideals molding their political, national and intellectual consciousness. The himnists pioneered "the new line of thought" through Jesus to "the regaining ofEden".
The Georgian hymns of XII-XHI centuries contribute much to the study of the history of the Georgian social, political and religious consciousness.
Georgian Alphabet and "The Kings' Life"/Thamaz Chkhenkeli/
Georgian alphabet is a numeral system and was connected with the the hermetic and mysterious study of ancient times. Numbers were equally popular in Hellenic, as well as in Christian times.
In Georgian historical chronicle ("The Kings' Lives"), the King-God Parnavaz is recognized as the creator of the Georgian alphabet. He was Samar Mamasaklisi's nephew, who erected the idol of Armaz. The work makes emphasis on the name isopsephia "Samar-Parnavaz-Armaz". They are connected with each other on the basis of septimal correspondence. Ernest Bindle's book "The Spiritual Basis of Numbers" is also quoted; the author connects the system of septimal correspondence with the old mysteries.
In "The Kings' Lives" this system is represented with the same scheme, as in John's Revelation (the examples make vivid their identity) and is directly connected with the mythologema: the Georgian language is created from 6 languages, thus, it is the seventh, or the language on its new stage…
The septimal correspondence of numbers is also proved by the alphabetical graphic of Georgian letters / like Latin and Greek lettersGeorgian letters have a square form /:on the ordinal numbers which are septimally correspondent, graphically similar letters are fixed. By means of it two number-squares are constructed, each letter of the Georgian alphabet is numbered on them.The graphical numbers of these letters create the septimal correspondence; it means that it not only includes the name isopsephia "Samar-Parnavaz-Armaz", but is spread on the alphabetical graphic too.
Some Points of Christology in "The
Life of Grigol Khantsteli" - by Giorgi Merchule
One of the key concerns of the work "The Life of Grigol Khandzteli"is that of Christian dogmatic and moral dignity. The very first chapter constitutes a brief theological treatise. The author discusses "Chistian Wisdom" of supreme mind, its essence and importance.
The writer gives special analysis of Christological issues like "Father, Son and Holy Spirit", definition of Christian symbols.
Through artistic narration, the hagiographer gives a natural development of major postulates of theological principals.
The Symbolic Image of the Virgin and
Georgian Hagiography of the Earlier Period
The earlier Georgian Hagiography monuments are distinguished for their rich biblical symbolism. That is just the reason why two ancient spiritual monuments - "St. Nino's Life" and "St. Shushanik's Martyrdom"" - the symbolic image of the Virgin is drawn on the basis of the biblical symbolizm of plants and proper names. And from the archaic point of view these two monuments could be placed in one spectre.
On Aesthetics of Devout Women's Clothing
(In the Georgian Hagiographic Works of V-VI centuries)
Did devout women's clothing have an aesthetical function? Using the quotations of the V-VI c.c. works the author remarks that ideological factors had a great influence on people's clothes. The attention is paid to the Christian clothing, devout women have light soul and virgin flesh.
Clothing connects a human with the reality.
Describing church servants, the hagiographers try to express their spiritual state and almost say nothing about their outer richness. Beauty is less important for them, they give priorities to spiritual loftiness, which is considered as a basis of beauty.
Ketevan Bezarashvili, Bernard Coulie
On the Understanding of the Word "maqvlovani"
in Old Georgian Literature
In the Georgian translation of the Biblical passage - Theophania to Moses (Exod.3,2) the Greek word bavto" (bush) is translated as "maqvlovani". In scholarly literature it was considered that the word "maqvlovani" had the same meaning in Old Georgian as it has now in modern Georgian - it is blackberry. The analysis of Biblical texts and some monuments of Old Georgian literature obviously shows that the word "maqvali" in Old Georgian as well as the Ancient Greek word bavto" had mainly the following meanings: 1.generally thorny bush; 2. particularly this or that kind of thorny bush - blackberry or other. It becomes evident that from these two meanings only the second one was remained in modern Georgian. In other translations of Biblical Books the main meaning of this word - "thorny bush" is emphasized. In Biblical and Christian Literature the leading meaning of "maqvali" is also emphasized in the symbolical content of this word - carring antinomical opposition of earthy and divine, typifying union of human and divine natures in Chirst, typifying Holy Virgin,etc.
In Old Georgian literature the symbolical meaning of "maqvali' is specially underlined in the text about conversion of Georgia -"Moqcevai Kartlisai". The image -St. Nino living in "maqvlovani" where she arises the cross _designates the following symbolical meanings of thorny bush: 1.being the antinomy of earthy and eternal, pagan and Christian it denotes the conversion of pagan country; 2. being a paradigm of H.Virgin and showing the hypodigmatic-paradigmatic interrelation between H.Virgin and St.Nino it also denotes the conversion of Georgia as H.Virgin's appanage.
The Tradition of the Georgian Homilies
for Our Lady
The present talk is an account of homilies and hymns dedicated to the feast of Annunciation of the Holy Virgin, translated in different times. The point which is understood in the work, is that the liturgical year starts with the feast of Annunciation according to the ancient Georgian manuscripts preserved till today. It underlines the special importance of the feast of Annunciation.
The article is provided with quatations from Church fathers' works, in which the blessing and glory of the feast is well seen. It dwells on the statement preserved in "Life of Kartli" (Shatberi Variant), according to which March 25 was the day when the tree for eracting the Cross of Mtskheta was chosen. This event is in special connection with the feast of Annunciation.
The work ends with the idea thet the Saviour's life in this world bearing the objective of saving mankind from the original sin ended with the power of Cross and that it took its beginning on March 25, when Archangel Gabriel announced to the Holy Virgin the greatest of mysteries - The Lord's Incarnation.
Soso Makharashvili
Translation of Homilies by Theophilus
Homilies investigated in the work were translated from Greek by the writer of the 11th century Theophilus the Monk. These homilies were written by John of Damascene, Kiril of Alexandria, Anastasis of Sinai. The author of the research claims that Epiphanies of Cyprus's homily was not translated by Theophilus but by Ephvtimus Athonite.
"David the Builder's Life" and Image-Ideal
of the Christian King
In ancient Georgian literature there appeared mainly two types of ideal Christian King- one is "King-teacher", the other - "King-warrior"…it is also noticeable that for centuries there was an attempt to establish either one or the other ideal of a king…In "David the Builder's Life" there is an attempt to hormonize these two image - ideals and destroy the existing antagonizm. However, in "David's Life" itself and in his "Prayers of Regret", it is felt, that the problem was not solved eventally.
Nestan Sulava
Shio Mgvimeli in Demetre-Damiane's
Iambi
Among the iambi dedicated to Shio Mgvimeli - one entitled "Hanging in Heaven By a Thread" is particularly impressive owing to a balance of literary traditions and a specific world outlook of the folklore. The iambus is exemplary within a so-called enigmatic poetry. An enigmatic poetic method is the means by which the truth may be made accessible.It was theoretically worked out and generalized in as early as Aristotle's "Poetics" and "Rhetorics". It is curious enough, however, that each enigmatic writing used to be assessed as a deviation from the truth revealed by unusual, enginious, mysterious images - both cognitive and didactic, since the animal characters were made use of displaying a human life. As the theologians and hymnographers put it. It was "a contemplation in a mirror" - a symbol of perception.
The foregoing iambus by king Demetre relies upon an antithesis, with a miraculous imagination being its centerpiece. The miraculous events of a fairy tale embrace various tropic forms as prompted by the mediaeval aesthetic guidelines.
Georgian Translation of "Acts" of
Andrew the Firstcalled"
The essay is dedicated to the relation of Georgian translation of "Acts" of Andrew the Firstcalled" by Ephvtimus Athonite with the Greek original. Particular attention is paid to the Introduction of the work, identification of geographical area of St. Apostle.
By means of the comparison of Greek and Georgian texts it becomes clear that Georgian translation of "Acts" of Andrew the Firstcalled" reveals undoubtful organic relation with the work of the IX century Greek writer, Nicetus the Paphlagonian. Besides, some stylistic peculiarities of Ephvtimus Athonite's works are cleared out. They contribute further profound study of translations of this remarkable Georgian writer and translater of the X-XI centuries.
Mariam Karbelashvili
"A History and Laudations of the Monarchs": The Ideology of "Golden
Age's" Georgia and its Theological and Philosophical Principles
The article deals with the analysis of some specific features of the Georgian political thought of Tamar the Monarch's epoque. The author attempts to show that the conception of "Golden Age's" Georgia is based upon Plato's idea of the "king-philosopher" (Republica, 473 d) as well as on Holy Bible (Isaiah, 11,1-13).
Boris Darchia
Bibliographical Information on "Abdul-Mesian"
"Abdul-Mesian" bears a resemblance with "Tamariani".This likeness is
caused not by the sameness of the epic, it is a result of inspiration by
"Tamariani".
Bela Balkhamisvili
Metaphor in Catholicos Anthony's
"Martirica"
Metaphorical thought of Catholicos Anthony's hagiographical collection represents synthesis of the artistic word and cardinal literary demands of middle centuries, as well as of the late-feudal period. By means of traditional examples in "Martirica" metaphors are conditioned by the demands of Anthony's age.He explains one part of a metaphor. As the base of genre metaphors obviously expose the author's religious and national tendencies.
Metaphors of "Martirica" have an enormous value and help us to study aesthetic thought of the 18th century.
Ekvtime Kochlamazishvili
Who is the Author of "Akathistos of
Saint Nino"
Until present time scholars have thought that the author of "Akathistos of Saint Nino" was metropolitan Saba Tusishvili (X-VIII c) from Ninotsminda.
In the given work the author tries to prove that the psalm belongs to the Metropolis Ekvtime Mchedelashvili.
Old Georgian Literary Contacts (Georgian-Byzantine
Literary Contacts)
In the early period of old Georgian literature Georgian society had relations mostly with the culture of Christian peoples. Georgian literature of the period was largely of East-Christian character and direction.
Old Georgian literature had the longest contacts with Greek literature, and no other foreign literature had such an invigorating impact on Georgian literature as Greek language Byzantine literature had. The first Georgian translations must have been made from the Greek and the literary contacts of the Georgians with other peoples commenced largly with contacts with Greek-language Byzantine literature, lasting intensively for centuries and contributing to the activation of local creative powers, the development of Georgian spiritual culture, and its establishment in the world arena.
"A
Branch of Wisdom" and "Grow Tired for Nothing"
In the prologue of "The Knight in the Panther's Skin" Shota Rustaveli writes, that "poetry is a branch of divine wisdom, conceived by and known to the godly". This aesthetic conception from one hand does not agree with Plato's and Aristotele's views (they think that the art is an imitation of the reality), but on the other hand this conception would not be created without taking into account Plato's and Dyonises Areopaghet's teachings.
Such position very well goes with the spiritual life of 12th century Georgia, when the antique mythology, epos, philosophy and Eastern epos and individual religious and philosophical studies were well known in this country.
This standard of knowledge in the following centuries. In 17 and 18 centuries the writings were not regarded as "a branch of divine wisdom conceived by and known to the godly", but they were sharply divided into "secular" and "ecclesiastical" literature. On top of everything the "secular" declined writings were regarded as vain pursuit. From these comes one line in Anton I (18th) iambicos, which says, that Rustaveli was "grown tired for nothing".
"Tell a Story"
King Archil remarks in his "Gabaaseba" that Shota Rustaveli did not complete his epic "The Knight in the Panther's Skin"(Vepkhistkaosani")and it was finished by others. Archil do not specify, particularly what others added to Rustaveli's poem; but we are able to guess from king Vakhtang's edition of the epic that it is not finished by so-called "Story of Indo-Khataelians".The poem, without this chapter, according to modern Rustvelologists is unfinished. If this is true it proves that Vakhtang restored "Vepkhistkaosani" with the autographical entity, that in readers of the following period left the impression of unfinished work of art. Thus the part of "Indo-Khataelians" shoud be the chapter, by which others should have finished the poem.
Because of its low poetic form, we should suggest that "Indo-Khataelian Story" is added to the poem.
Rima Pirtskhalaishvili
The Story of Indo-Khataelians-Unabridged
Part of "The Knight in the Panther's Skin"
the work investigates the facts which represent the episode of Indo-Khataelians as an essential part of Rustaveli's poem; particularly the story of Indo-Khataelians is shown in an ideological, textological and allegorical manner.
Guram Kartozia
On a Specific Use of the Conjunction
"da" ("and") in "The Knight in the Panther's Skin"
Several cases of the usage of conjunction "da"(and) occur in "The Knight
in the Panther's Skin" (quatrains: 201, 1903, 11812,
13262). It has a function of a conjunctive pause . In writing
its equivalent is either a comma or a dash.
Zaza Abzianidze
Grigol Orbeliani
Grigol Orbeliani (1804-1883) is one of the main representatives of the Georgian Romanticism. His biography is a specific illustration of the development of the Georgian aristocrasy from the rebellions Romanticism to the obedient Conservatism. Grigol Orbeliani, the leutenant punished for the participation in the anti-Russian conspiracy, rose to the rank of General, Governor-General, and was favoured and honoured. But this high official in general's eppaulets strangely combined his loyalty to the authorities and the passion for poetry in himself which he possibly did not regard as the main goal of his life. But the posterity trust him first of all for his lyric poetry, diaries and letters as the literary documents of the epoch, as a kind of mirror of his inner world and first of all as one of the best embodiments of the Georgian Romanticism.
Tamar Lomidze
Originality of Colour Interpretation
in Nikoloz Baratashvili's Poetry
The investigation of colour interpretation in Nikoloz Baratashvili's poetry is very actual. Blue colour is synonym of "dark". This colour is the main predicate for the world which gives an effect of estrangement between the author and the hero; it is the common tendency of the poet's creation.
Giorgi Kankava
System of Artistic Images in "The
Traveller's Letters" Ideology. Dating
In the research considerably new viewpoints are found about the prosaic work which has the special importance in Georgian literature.
The positive character of the applied method is underlined. It is based on "outer-literary" reality interpretation of the specific literary signs of the text. As a result, the critical analysis of the story was naturally grown into 1) the historical reconstruction of its creative history by means of common features: 2) the questions connected with the dating of the text has become clearer.
Emzar Kvitaishvili
A Wonderful Example of the Georgian
Documentary Prose
Alexander Kazbegi's "The Shepherd's Reminiscences" is one of the best examples of the Georgian documentary prose and offers a valuable material of the author's biography,of his credo as a writer and introduces some stylistic devices.
The work deals with some private letters which make Kazbegi's personality especially vivid and direct; they show the writer's attitude towards the reality, his peculiarities, and introduces the reasons why an ordinary shepherd became a friend of a high-class representative.
The ethnographical works written by Alexander Kazbegi, among them "Mokhevians and Their Lives", present the fundamental knowledge in hard but interesting lives of people in the mountains, their habits, their oral traditions.The author himself is represented as a wondeful master of the Georgian documentary prose.
Natela Sagirashvili
Niko Lomouri' s Christian - Ethic.
Convictions
According to the Christian convictions Niko Lomouri' s creation is not properly appreciated today - in the concrete fighting against superstition it has been equalled to the criticism of Orthodoxy.
Thorough study of Niko Lomouri' s creation shows us that the best of the writer's world outlook is Chistian faith and superstition has been criticized just from this point of view.
Chalva Chichua
The Georgian Novel of the XX century
The new stage of the Georgian poetry and prose, of modernizing Georgian literary language style was basically finished in the twenties of XX century. It was also accompanied by the rapid rise of the new novel.
The process which a bit earlier was better expressed in poetry was totally realized within the prose of the 20-ies. In 1924-28 a lot of wonderful novels were written; the writers were people of different style and different literary directions. It was an absolutely new step in forming the Georgian novel which was successfully completed.
Venera Kavthiashvili
Richard Wagner and Galaktion Tabidze's
Poetry
Galaktion Tabidze was very well aware not only of the theory worked out by the French symbolists, but also those primary sources according to which their idealistic-aesthetic conventions were formed.
The poet shared Richard Wagner's theory. Art is a one whole in every expression. Namely the integrity of music, word, painting and gesture, which is based on Arthur Shopenhauer's known principle of "Pyramid".
Many of Galaktion's poetic masterpieces were created under the impression of Wagner's operas.
Maguli Natriashvili
Some Pecularities of Depicting the
Characters in Niko Lortkipanidze's Works
Studying Niko Lortkipanidze's characters, the peculiarity of Georgian spirit, Georgian character becomes obvious. While investigating the short stories of this writer, we can notice that the characters are contrasted with each other. Next to the person, who has high moral, who is blameless and patriot, there appears a person who is trecherous, villan and selfish.
David Tevzadze
The Novel on Steadfast Georgian Spirit"
"Gora Mborgali" (600 pages) is one of the most important works of the modern Georgian epic. The main idea of the novel is the idea of the entity of Georgia, which was opposed to the so-called "free" Georgia being in the colonial state (foreign readers are interested in the book).
The hero of the novel is the 200-year-old son of Georgia , who fights day and night, with his thoughts and mind concentrating on setting free conquered Georgia.
The traditions and habits of his ancestors are as firm and stable as a castle.
In composition of the novel the most distinguished is Gora Mborgali;he represents the keynote.
The novel is also regarded from the philosophical point of view. The author warns us and makes us ready to meet the possible enemy.
Maia Nachkebia
Galaktion's Poetical Crucifiction
The author analyses the the interrelation between the title of Galaction Tabidze's book "Crâne aux fleurs artistiques" (1919) and its first poem "Automn in the Father's Cloister of "Immaculate Conception" and comes to the conclusion that Galaktions poetical visions are focused upon Calvary theme.
Levan Chrelashvili
Some Articles Publisled Anonymously
in "Iveria" under the Penname "Amicus"
This investigation reveals new articles written by Akaki Tsereteli.
We consider that writer published his works under the pennames that were
unknown. These are "Amicus" and some others. Some were published anonymously.
The number of such articles is sixteen.
Leila Tetruashvili
Friedrich Cristoph Schiller's "Urphanomen"
("Strained Emotions")
The most complicated and cardinal problem of the German classical literature of "Urphanomen" is created and developed in Goethe's and Schiller's theoretical thought and works. For Schiller "Urphanomen" is an idea, for Goethe-empirical reality, but for perception of which, according to him, it is not enough to have a life-long thought (verstand), but it is necessary to have "the highest mind" (höchhste Vernuhft), interfered in "divinity" or in a creative idea of life. Productive soul (Produktiver Geist) able to perceive a lot or diversity of existance, in Schiller's sense "strained emotion" is different from Goethe's idea, as a conception of "Urphanomen"; for Schiller it "comes from an idea and moves towards an idea;" for Goethe it is based on emotional attitude towards emotional and specific and is thus idealized.
Nato Pataridze
Niko Marr's Polemics with M. Nasidze
In the last decade of the XIX century Mikheil Nasidze was an active polemicist for the newspaper "Iveria". He took part in the discussion held by A. Tsereteli ("Krebuli") and Niko Marr ("Novoe Obozrenie").He tried to nip in the bud of the young Niko Marr's incorrect opinion on the main questions on the history and culture of Georgia, on the Georgian alphabet and originality of "The Knight in the Panther's Skin". This was his great merit.
Tamar Mangoshvili
Some Questions of Petre Mirianashvili's
Publicism
The Georgian writer and publicist, schohar and public figure, poet and translator, folklorist Petre Mirianashvili (1860-1940) is an outstanding represtative of Georgian Journalism. He successfully worked in Georgian newspapers and magazines. The outstanding place in his work is taken to the articles dedicated to Georgian and American relations, which were published in the newspapers: "Iveria", "Droeba", "Sachalkho Gazeti", "Moambe", "Teatri and Tshovreba", "Temi", "Jejili", "Novoe Obozrenie" and others.
Makvala Gachechiladze
"The Barrikade": an Organ of the "Tsisperi
Kantsebi" (The Blue Horns)
"The Barrikade", a newspaper conducted by G. Bodakidze, T. Tabidze, V. Gaprindashvili, P. Iashvili, S. Tsirekidze, K. Nadiradze, the members of "Tsisperi Kantsebi" (The Blue Horns), an organ of the symbolist poets, played an important role in the renovation of the Georgian poetry.
Teimuraz Doiashvili
Ilia's Versification
The analysis of Ilia Chavchavadze's epic poetry versification proves the tendencies which I observed during its investigation. The great Georgian poet established a principle of form and content correspondence, where we have adequacy with the movement of an idea.
Tamar Barbakadze
Some Questions of Studing Georgian
Versification in the 20-30-ies of XX Century Publishing
About eighty investigations of national versification are analized in the paper. This is the period when Akaki Gatserelia began his active work as a well-known investigator of Georgian verse; his researches of that period dedicated to the questions of versification (stress, rhyme, metre and rhytm, verse and prose, etc.) are invaluable even today..
Some researches of G. Imedashvili, P. Beradze, Maliko Mrevlishvili discussed in the given paper, are also devoted to the problems of Georgian verse.
Giorgi Arabuli
On History of Homonyne Rhythm in Old
Georgian Poetry
Homonyme rhytm in a four-line verse, as a means of versification,it is first found in texts of XVI century and in manuscripts of works of classical period ("Tamariani", Vepkhistkaosani") of XVII-XVIII centuries.
Homonyme rhythm (or majama) was established in Georgian writing after the Persian poetry had been closely studied. It had a great influence on poets and translators of Persian poetry texts.
Givi Akhvlediani
Korneli Kekelidze and the Relationship
of the Georgian Folk and Literary Poetry
From the literary criticizm point of view the author investigates Korneli Kekelidze's opinion about the relatoins of folk and literary poetry. He shows the role of a folk poetry in the development of religious and secular poetry. The scholar reveals the Renaissance poets contribution in the revival of the Georgian versification.
Pikria Zandukeli
Heterogeneous Peculiarities of Folk
Amorous Poems
Besides answering the problem raised in the title the paper reveals that the nation's psychology, nature, tendency as the love- theme is supposed to expose the latent layers of a person.
While working on the problem the focus was made on the originality of the population inhabiting different regions.
The research showed that Georgian Folk Poems are parts of one monolithic stream, but separate ones reveal specific traits which can be seen in the diversity of characters in varied exposition of the inner world, in making use of ethnological and georgraphic details.
The discrepency can mainly be observed between mountain and lowland regions.
Makvala Kochlavashvili
Epiteth in Folk Poetry
Epiteth is one of the most wide-spread tropes among the expressive means in folk poetry. There are tavtological, as well as explanatory and metaphorical epiteths. According to their forms, there are simple, complex and wide epiteths. While investigating epithets it is very important to state its ideal and aesthctical function. There are distinguished the common epithets, characteristic for all the genres of folklore and particular ones, characteristic only for some genres.
Epiteth provides the artistic side of the poem, the emotional description of the reality. in folk poetry epiteth takes part in poem organization, in its compositional entity and often conducts its musical aspect.
Mzia Chachava
Folk Parallels of Fables of S. S.
Orbeliani
The investigation of the folk variation of fables shows that they are connected with "Lokman"cycle.
Meri Khukhunaishvili-Tsiklauri
On the Mythological Roots of the Heroes
of Georgian Fairy Tale "Black-Teimuraz, Sun- Teimuraz, Moon- Teimuraz
The analysis of the heroes of the Georgian Fairy Tale "Black- Teimuraz, Sun- Teimuraz, Moon- Teimuraz" shows their links with the mythology of the Earth, the Sun and the Moon, which were worshipped by Georgians. The process of the demythologization turned these three Deities into the fairy tale heroes. This evolution affirms the genetic relationship between a myth and a folk tale.
Viktor Nozadze
Psychological Mode of Speech in "The
Knight in the Panther's Skin"
The manuscript of Viktor Nozadze's investigation "Psychological Mode of Speech in "The Knight in the Panther's Skin" is kept in his archives. Introductory letter and Viktor Nozadze's above-mentioned unknown work has been published for the first time.
Mamuka Shelegia
Kirion II and His Epistolary Inheritance
The work first introduces 14 letters of the ecclesiastic figure, scolar, investigator of the church and literary history, fighter for the Georgian church autonomy Kirion II (Giorgi Sadzaglishvili). They are dated 1907-1912 and addressed to the student of the Ecclesiastic Academy of Saint-Peterburg Samuel Tsomaia. The letters reveal the unknown facts in Kirion's biography. The most interesting facts are given in Kirion's book "The Cultural Role of Iveria in Russian History" (written in Russian). The author showed that in Georgian-Russian relations there did not exit only the unilateral influence, as Russian researchers used to prove, but it seems that the trace of the Georgian culture in Russian history. was very important.The letters also reveal an interesting circle of Kirion's scholarly and practical activity; they restore the social-political atmosphere of his time too.
Manana Kvataia
The West Antique Iberia and Iberians
The hypothesis of the relationship of the West (Pyrenees) and the East
(Caucasian) Iberians takes place from the antique period. The original
West Iberian civilization is a part of the natural life of the Mediterranean
culture. In the research there is made an analysis of the notes kept in
the "Geography" of Strabon, in which the historian gives an information
on life and tradition of antique Iberians. This question has a great interest
even today.
CONTENTS:
CONCORDANCE
OF THE WHOLE AND THE PART - SYMBIOSIS OF PROTECTIONISM AND ECONOMIC LIBERALISM
Jemal Kharitonashvili
Assistant Professor of International Economics and Economic Studies, History Chair of Tbilisi Ivane Javakhishvili State University, Dean of Economic Faculty. Head of Department of Economic Sciences, Chair of Tbilisi State University Akhaltsikhe Branch
MACROECONOMIC STABILIZATION AND AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSITION PERIOD
Zurab Revishvili
During the transition period to market economy system in some countries,
and in Georgia among them, correct economic policy in macroeconomic stabilization
and dynamic development of the agricultural industry gets a great importance.
For the correct creation of Georgian agricultural strategies and for
effective agrarian policy, must be studied and generalized the economic
policy of some developed and developing countries, that has helped peasant
and small farms in the unification process, in creation of cooperatives
and associations, helped them in supply and distribution.
The direct cooperation with American Research Centers and with scientists,
studying the agrarian problems of the developing countries, necessary consultations
and processing of the rich informational materials of the libraries will
help us to develop the research theme.
It must be mentioned, that during the Soviet Union in Georgian economy
agricultural industry played a leading role. The disintegration of the
Soviet Union caused the infringement of the artificial integration connections.
Export of agricultural and food products and import of machinery and other
inputs has declined sharply. The agricultural industry of Georgia has been
covered by catastrophic occurrences. During the first half of 90’s the
value of production of grapes, fruits, tealeaf and citrus’s fell down.
At the same period the quantity of livestock and poultry is falling down.
Productivity of cattle and poultry is now, at the same level, as it was
25-30 years ago, genetic structure of herd is breached, practically agriculture
and animal farming have been destroyed.
The crisis period in country’s economic system has more influenced
other branches of industry, the most part of enterprises have stopped their
activity or are working at the low production rate.
Such factors has significantly increased the role and the place of
agricultural sector in the matter of country’s takeout from the macroeconomic
crisis.
The negative trading balance of Georgia in 1997 made up 700,6 million
US dollars. 28,7% has came from the trade with the NIS. Total trading deficit
in 1997 as compared to 1996 has changed for worse by 212,6 million US dollars.
In 1995-1997 in the economy showed the increasing tendency of import
compared with export. Only in 1997 import increased by 35,5% compared to
the previous year, while export grew only by 15,7%.
At the same time the share of agricultural products and their processing
goods in the whole export of Georgia is not more than 27-28%.
Undeveloped export potential of the country, significant lagging behind
of export from import, as well as increase of outer credits creates rather
heavy macroeconomic, insurmountable problems.
At the same time it should be a great attention to the importance of
export potential increase in strengthening the national currency, in preparing
the basis for paying back the debts and in the process macroeconomic stabilization.
The results of decline tendency of the gross national products(GNP)
in 90’s, caused mainly by the infringement of artificial integration connections
and by the anarchic occurrences of 1992, was that the GNP in 1992 declined
by 45% as compared with 1990. Only in 1995 suspension of decline tendency
of the GNP and its growth was achieved.
The GNP of Georgia calculated per person is (USD): in 1991 – 1647,
in 1992 – 910, in 1993 – 412.8, in 1994 –310.2, in 1995-458.8, in 1996
– 664.5, in 1997 – 834 ( see `Georgian National Accounts` (Informational
bulletin), 1997, pp.21-22).
The analyses of branch structures of the gross national product shows
that the share of agriculture in GNP in 1990 was 29.8%, in 1991-26.5%,
in 1992-54.5%, in1993-66.2%, in 1994-64.4%, 1995-63.7%.
It must be mentioned, that because of the change in calculation method
of the GNP, exactly that it included indexes of the wholesale and retail
and different nonmaterial services, sharply declined the specific weight
of the products, made in material branches (from GNP number of 1995 year
is subtracted the data on trading and nonmaterial services).
Thus, agricultural industry holds an important place in GNP of Georgia.
Today the main agricultural producers in Georgia are private (peasant)
farms, total more than 700 000. Exactly this part of products makes up
80.9% of the whole products, where as the share of plant cultivation is
80.9%, and 77.8% in the stockbreeding.
About 110 governmental farms and about 1700 enterprises with different
organizational-juridical forms are also functioning in the agricultural
industry.
For today, peasant farms territory comprises maximum 1.25 hectares.
The technical equipment of these farms is too poor, they don’t have a possibility
to take loans, the question of supply and services is not under care, the
branches that would help peasants to sell their product are undeveloped.
The peasant farms are working mainly on their self-provision and are characterized
by low productivity level.
Low money income of villagers and undeveloped food trading system,
which itself is limiting the opportunities of goods manufacturing, causes
the necessity of the universal economy, bringing of many different crop
cultures.
In European Community TACIS FOOD DISTRIBUTION project(91/FDO66)by me
ways of agriculture and food industry improvement were designed. Prognosys
ofr three variants of development were made; First, agriculture as only
self maintaining, second when export is as priority, third, both previous
variants were used. Based on this variants prognosis was made on optimal
distribution of food cultures, on their average yield and increase of production.
In the beginning priority was the rapid development of cereal industry,
on next stage export oriented agriculture farm development was planned.
In the second European Community TACIS ITAGA project (FD-EG 929301)
Integrated Technikal assistence Georgian Agriculture with active cooperation
of World Bank and IFAD (International fund for Agricultural Development)
experts problems of two Farmers Association development in Kakheti - East
Georgia Region were studied and analysed by me.
Experience from this projects can be used in US in comparative analysis
of World Bank policies in other transitional economies.
In Georgia foreign investment in agriculture is rare, credits from
banks in food and agriculture sector are difficult to obtain, Due to problems
in cadastre system development bank garantees from peasants and farmers
are difficultly made. Due to high risk and lack of developed system banks
are not interested in credit giving. Only big agricultural companies can
use credits because of high bank tax.
As I think that World Bank can use more active economic policy in agriculture
development of Georgia, informational sources of World Bank will be very
useful for my research in US.
In the recent years we have had some examples when peasant farms unite
and cultivate arable lands together. It is a positive fact, because it
gives more possibilities to develop producing system. Governmental agrarian
policy must help farmers to unite, create different kinds of associations
and cooperatives.
During the privatization process of the governmental agricultural enterprises
the facts of land, perennial crops and technical potential division must
not take place. The land distribution company held imprudently in 1992,
in our opinion, has brought a great harm to the agricultural industry.
Governmental agrarian policy must provide the maintenance of such enterprises
that will be able to implement after modernization processes or investments
the export production.
In 90’s sharply was increasing production of corn cultures, potatoes,
partially was increasing production of the vegetables and family plants.
The enlargement of production value of this cultures was caused by population’s
self provision necessity. The production of the corn cultures, especially
of wheat, is lagging behind of country’s demand. The question of necessity
to produce the forage seeds is standing critically.
Georgia has lost its old distribution market ( republics of the former
Soviet Union), for which its production was adapted. To reach this or other
countries markets and for producing of competitive export goods in agriculture
and food industry is needed significant investments and fundamental modernization
of manufacturing system.
Governmental policy of agricultural industry must be changed in order
to rise the export potential of agricultural and food industry products.
Perspective enterprises must be given possibility to have quotas on foreign
currency credits and bringing new technologies; the interest of foreign
partners, as well as resident producers in creation of united enterprises
must grow. This will make profitable conditions for increasing of producing
and export.
Publications:
Z. Revishvili.The Problems of Agriculture and Macroeconomic Stabilization
in Georgia(1999)
Z. Revishvili Europian Community Project-"Food Distribution": "Master
Plans"(co-autor, 1994);
Z. Revishvili Problems of level of life in city and rural population,
1985;
Z. Revishvili. Agricultural industrialization and social problems(1984);
Z. Revishvili. Integration of agricultural industry and farm development
(1983);
Z. Revishvili. Specialization and concentration in agricultural production
in Georgia(1983);
Z. Revishvili. Problems of Agricultural industrialization in Georgia(1981)
Curriculum Vitae
18 Kekelidze street
Tbilisi, Georgia 380009
Telephone 33-28-03/29-11-76
Education :
Tbilisi State University(1965-1970)
"Diplom"-Expert in the science of food commodities and trade organization
The Institute of Economics, The Academy Sciences of Georgia
Post-graduate course: Macroeconomics (1972-1975)
"Kandidat Nauk" of economical sciences (1985)
Tbilisi State University
Experience:
From 1975 up today - Junior, then Senior Scientific Researcher
Department of Macroeconomics, The Institute of Economics
1996-up today - Financial manager, Joint-stock Company "Cartu"
1995-1996 Expert in macroeconomics, European Community TACIS-ITAGA project (FD-EG 929301);
1993-1994 Head of Georgian experts in macroeconomics and agriculture, European Community TACIS-FOOD DISTRIBUTION project (91/FDO66)
1992-1993 Managing Director, Commercial Bank "Narikala
1991-1993 Head of Department of Economics, Institute "Agrobusiness"
1989-1991 Financial manager, USA-Canada-Georgian joint-venture "REPCO"
1975-1977 Professor of the Department of Macroeconomic, Tbilisi State University;
1970-1972 Senior Economist, "Tsekavshiri"( Consumers Co-operative Societies Union)
Skills:
Experienced with the following computer applications: MS Word, Netscape.
Languages:
Fluent in English and Russian
Interests Reading, travel
Personal: Member of Association
of Economists of Georgia
CONTENTS:
INFORMATIZATION OF GEORGIAN SOCIETY AND PROBLEMS OF STATE SECURITY
Gela Kvashilava, e-mail
General Secretary, Georgian Young Political Scientists Association
The task of my thesis is informatization process of Georgian society. The object of research is conceptualization and creation of informational security. Based on informatization achievements, analysis and generalization of society, research of information security issues of state, for that purpose to form paradigms, which provides:
In Georgia from 90’s began massive process of informatizatioon. With small steps, but state still connects interacting global network, implements new information technologies, telecommunication systems have been implemented. Rest up Statistical Department data, the mobile phone users has exceeded one hundred thousand and almost all big companies switched to internet service.. "Georgian national television", "Rustavi 2", "Adjarian television:, radio "Fortuna", and other massmedia means work through satellite systems. Information day by day influences everyday life of society in different spheres. Information enriches mankind cultural with new elements-cultural information. Information culture has also social function. States future development and its security is directly related to the above mentioned social functions rational thinking. This is the newly founded and formed mechanism for self-controlling of society, which will timely define crisis situations, lessen social problem tendencies. For the benefit of foreign and domestic policies formation of state, information security plays big role.
Methodology of Research Methodologically, theoretic bases of research are domestic and foreign scientists of states theoretic and applied informational society, informatization, informational civilization, security of state, international security, economic security, political scientists, social scientists and other projects. And recommendations programs, instructions of international organizations are taken into account, which are related to information spheres.
Informational base of research represents informational systems of Iv. Javakhishvili State University and Georgian Statistical Department, committees of parliament, Security Council, Military policies and department of strategic research of Ministry of Defense, Institute of Peace, democracy and development of Caucasus and other NGOs. As I defined above, there is not yet necessary information developed. I would like to point from foreign states, the Moscow State University, Leeds Communication institute, Kiev International Institute and other resources. But he Internet was on of the best resources. Methodological fundament of research is comparative, logical thinking, systemic defining, statistical analysis, expert evaluation and scientific research and methods of the task.
Description of Problem For above mentioned goal attainment following should be planed: